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LaTeX:Symbols
2008-10-29T22:56:32Z
<p>Kkval0: /* Multi-Size Symbols */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Latex}}<br />
<br />
This article will provide a short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols. <br />
<br />
==Operators==<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\pm</math>||\pm||<math>\mp</math>||\mp||<math>\times</math>||\times<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\div</math>||\div||<math>\cdot</math>||\cdot||<math>\ast</math>||\ast<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\star</math>||\star||<math>\dagger</math>||\dagger||<math>\ddagger</math>||\ddagger<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\amalg</math>||\amalg||<math>\cap</math>||\cap||<math>\cup</math>||\cup<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\uplus</math>||\uplus||<math>\sqcap</math>||\sqcap||<math>\sqcup</math>||\sqcup<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\vee</math>||\vee||<math>\wedge</math>||\wedge||<math>\oplus</math>||\oplus<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\ominus</math>||\ominus||<math>\otimes</math>||\otimes||<math>\circ</math>||\circ<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\bullet</math>||\bullet||<math>\diamond</math>||\diamond||<math>\lhd</math>||\lhd<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\rhd</math>||\rhd||<math>\unlhd</math>||\unlhd||[[Image:Unrhd.gif]]||\unrhd<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\oslash</math>||\oslash||<math>\odot</math>||\odot||<math>\bigcirc</math>||\bigcirc<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\triangleleft</math>||\triangleleft||<math>\Diamond</math>||\Diamond||<math>\bigtriangleup</math>||\bigtriangleup<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\bigtriangledown</math>||\bigtriangledown||<math>\Box</math>||\Box||<math>\triangleright</math>||\triangleright<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\setminus</math>||\setminus||<math>\wr</math>||\wr<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Relations==<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol !! Command !!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\le</math>||\le||<math>\ge</math>||\ge||<math>\neq</math>||\neq<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\sim</math>||\sim||<math>\ll</math>||\ll||<math>\gg</math>||\gg<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\doteq</math>||\doteq||<math>\simeq</math>||\simeq||<math>\subset</math>||\subset<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\supset</math>||\supset||<math>\approx</math>||\approx||<math>\asymp</math>||\asymp<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\subseteq</math>||\subseteq||<math>\supseteq</math>||\supseteq||<math>\cong</math>||\cong<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\smile</math>||\smile||<math>\sqsubset</math>||\sqsubset||<math>\sqsupset</math>||\sqsupset<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\equiv</math>||\equiv||<math>\frown</math>||\frown||<math>\sqsubseteq</math>||\sqsubseteq<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\sqsupseteq</math>||\sqsupseteq||<math>\propto</math>||\propto||<math>\bowtie</math>||\bowtie<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\in</math>||\in||<math>\ni</math>||\ni||<math>\prec</math>||\prec<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\succ</math>||\succ||<math>\vdash</math>||\vdash||<math>\dashv</math>||\dashv<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\preceq</math>||\preceq||<math>\succeq</math>||\succeq||<math>\models</math>||\models<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\perp</math>||\perp||<math>\parallel</math>||\parallel|| <math>\|</math> || <nowiki>\|</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
| <math>\mid</math>||\mid<br />
|}<br />
Negations of many of these relations can be formed by just putting \not before the symbol, or by slipping an n between the \ and the word. Here are a few examples, plus a few other negations; it works for many of the others as well.<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\nmid</math>||\nmid||<math>\nleq</math>||\nleq||<math>\ngeq</math>||\ngeq<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\nsim</math>||\nsim||<math>\ncong</math>||\ncong||<math>\nparallel</math>||\nparallel<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\not<</math>||\not<||<math>\not></math>||\not>||<math>\not=</math>||\not=<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\not\le</math>||\not\le||<math>\not\ge</math>||\not\ge||<math>\not\sim</math>||\not\sim<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\not \approx</math>||\not\approx||<math>\not\cong</math>||\not\cong||<math>\not\equiv</math>||\not\equiv<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\not\parallel</math>||\not\parallel||<math>\nless</math>||\nless||<math>\ngtr</math>||\ngtr<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\lneq</math>||\lneq||<math>\gneq</math>||\gneq||<math>\lnsim</math>||\lnsim<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\lneqq</math>||\lneqq||<math>\gneqq</math>||\gneqq<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Greek Letters==<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
|+ Lowercase Letters<br />
!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\alpha</math>||\alpha||<math>\beta</math>||\beta||<math>\gamma</math>||\gamma||<math>\delta</math>||\delta<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\epsilon</math>||\epsilon||<math>\varepsilon</math>||\varepsilon||<math>\zeta</math>||\zeta||<math>\eta</math>||\eta<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\theta</math>||\theta||<math>\vartheta</math>||\vartheta||<math>\iota</math>||\iota||<math>\kappa</math>||\kappa<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\lambda</math>||\lambda||<math>\mu</math>||\mu||<math>\nu</math>||\nu||<math>\xi</math>||\xi<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\pi</math>||\pi||<math>\varpi</math>||\varpi||<math>\rho</math>||\rho||<math>\varrho</math>||\varrho<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\sigma</math>||\sigma||<math>\varsigma</math>||\varsigma||<math>\tau</math>||\tau||<math>\upsilon</math>||\upsilon<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\phi</math>||\phi||<math>\varphi</math>||\varphi||<math>\chi</math>||\chi||<math>\psi</math>||\psi<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\omega</math>||\omega<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
|+ Capital Letters<br />
!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\Gamma</math>||\Gamma||<math>\Delta</math>||\Delta||<math>\Theta</math>||\Theta||<math>\Lambda</math>||\Lambda<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\Xi</math>||\Xi||<math>\Pi</math>||\Pi||<math>\Sigma</math>||\Sigma||<math>\Upsilon</math>||\Upsilon<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\Phi</math>||\Phi||<math>\Psi</math>||\Psi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Arrows==<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\gets</math>||\gets||<math>\to</math>||\to<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\leftarrow</math>||\leftarrow||<math>\Leftarrow</math>||\Leftarrow<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\rightarrow</math>||\rightarrow||<math>\Rightarrow</math>||\Rightarrow<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\leftrightarrow</math>||\leftrightarrow||<math>\Leftrightarrow</math>||\Leftrightarrow<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\mapsto</math>||\mapsto||<math>\hookleftarrow</math>||\hookleftarrow<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\leftharpoonup</math>||\leftharpoonup||<math>\leftharpoondown</math>||\leftharpoondown<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\rightleftharpoons</math>||\rightleftharpoons||<math>\longleftarrow</math>||\longleftarrow<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\Longleftarrow</math>||\Longleftarrow||<math>\longrightarrow</math>||\longrightarrow<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\Longrightarrow</math>||\Longrightarrow||<math>\longleftrightarrow</math>||\longleftrightarrow<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\Longleftrightarrow</math>||\Longleftrightarrow||<math>\longmapsto</math>||\longmapsto<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\hookrightarrow</math>||\hookrightarrow||<math>\rightharpoonup</math>||\rightharpoonup<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\rightharpoondown</math>||\rightharpoondown||<math>\leadsto</math>||\leadsto<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\uparrow</math>||\uparrow||<math>\Uparrow</math>||\Uparrow<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\downarrow</math>||\downarrow||<math>\Downarrow</math>||\Downarrow<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\updownarrow</math>||\updownarrow||<math>\Updownarrow</math>||\Updownarrow<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\nearrow</math>||\nearrow||<math>\searrow</math>||\searrow<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\swarrow</math>||\swarrow||<math>\nwarrow</math>||\nwarrow<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Dots==<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\ldots2 </math>||\ldots 2||<math>\vdots</math>||\vdots||<math>\cdots 2</math>||\cdots 2||<math>\ddots</math>||\ddots<br />
|}<br />
(The '2's after \ldots and \cdots are only present to make the distinction between the two clear.)<br />
<br />
==Accents==<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\hat{x}</math>||\hat{x}||<math>\check{x}</math>||\check{x}||<math>\dot{x}</math>||\dot{x}<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\breve{x}</math>||\breve{x}||<math>\acute{x}</math>||\acute{x}||<math>\ddot{x}</math>||\ddot{x}<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\grave{x}</math>||\grave{x}||<math>\tilde{x}</math>||\tilde{x}||<math>\mathring{x}</math>||\mathring{x}<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\bar{x}</math>||\bar{x}||<math>\vec{x}</math>||\vec{x}<br />
|}<br />
When applying accents to i and j, you can use \imath and \jmath to keep the dots from interfering with the accents:<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\vec{\jmath}</math>||\vec{\jmath}||<math>\tilde{\imath}</math>||\tilde{\imath}<br />
|}<br />
\tilde and \hat have wide versions that allow you to accent an expression:<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\widehat{3+x}</math>||\widehat{3+x}||<math>\widetilde{abc}</math>||\widetilde{abc}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Others==<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\infty</math>||\infty||<math>\triangle</math>||\triangle||<math>\angle</math>||\angle<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\aleph</math>||\aleph||<math>\hbar</math>||\hbar||<math>\imath</math>||\imath<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\jmath</math>||\jmath||<math>\ell</math>||\ell||<math>\wp</math>||\wp<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\Re</math>||\Re||<math>\Im</math>||\Im||<math>\mho</math>||\mho<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\prime</math>||\prime||<math>\emptyset</math>||\emptyset||<math>\nabla</math>||\nabla<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\surd</math>||\surd||<math>\partial</math>||\partial||<math>\top</math>||\top<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\bot</math>||\bot||<math>\vdash</math>||\vdash||<math>\dashv</math>||\dashv<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\forall</math>||\forall||<math>\exists</math>||\exists||<math>\neg</math>||\neg<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\flat</math>||\flat||<math>\natural</math>||\natural||<math>\sharp</math>||\sharp<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\backslash</math>||\backslash||<math>\Box</math>||\Box||<math>\Diamond</math>||\Diamond<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\clubsuit</math>||\clubsuit||<math>\diamondsuit</math>||\diamondsuit||<math>\heartsuit</math>||\heartsuit<br />
|-<br />
|[[Image:Spadesuit.gif]]||\spadesuit||<math>\Join</math>||\Join||<math>\blacksquare</math>||\blacksquare<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\S</math>||\S||<math>\P</math>||\P||<math>\copyright</math>||\copyright<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\pounds</math>||\pounds<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Command Symbols==<br />
Some symbols are used in commands so they need to be treated in a special way<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\</math>||<nowiki>\$</nowiki>||<math>\&</math>||\&||<math>\%</math>||\%||<math>\#</math>||\#<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\_</math>||\_||<math>\{</math>||\{||<math>\}</math>||\}||<math>\backslash</math>||\backslash<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==European Language Symbols==<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>{\oe}</math>||{\oe}||<math>{\ae}</math>||{\ae}||<math>{\aa}</math>||{\aa}||<math>{\o}</math>||{\o}<br />
|-<br />
|<math>{\OE}</math>||{\OE}||<math>{\AE}</math>||{\AE}||<math>{\AA}</math>||{\AA}||<math>{\O}</math>||{\O}<br />
|-<br />
|<math>{\l}</math>||{\l}||<math>{\ss}</math>||{\ss}||<math>\text{!`}</math>||!`<br />
|-<br />
|<math>{\L}</math>||{\L}||<math>{\SS}</math>||{\SS}||<math>\text{?`}</math>||?`<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Bracketing Symbols==<br />
In mathematics, sometimes we need to enclose expressions in brackets or braces or parentheses. Some of these work just as you'd imagine in LaTeX; type ( and ) for parentheses, [ and ] for brackets, and | and | for absolute value. However, other symbols have special commands:<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\{</math>||\{||<math>\}</math>||\}||<math>\|</math>||<nowiki>\|</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
| <math>\backslash</math>||\backslash||<math>\lfloor</math>||\lfloor||<math>\rfloor</math>||\rfloor<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\lceil</math>||\lceil||<math>\rceil</math>||\rceil||<math>\langle</math>||\langle<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\rangle</math>||\rangle<br />
|}<br />
You might notice that if you use any of these to typeset an expression that is vertically large, like<br />
<br />
:<tt>(\frac{a}{x} )^2</tt><br />
<br />
the parentheses don't come out the right size:<br />
<br />
:<math>(\frac{a}{x})^2</math><br />
<br />
If we put \left and \right before the relevant parentheses, we get a prettier expression:<br />
<br />
:<tt>\left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2</tt><br />
<br />
gives<br />
<br />
:<math>\left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2</math><br />
<br />
\left and \right can also be used to resize the following symbols:<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\uparrow</math>||\uparrow||<math>\downarrow</math>||\downarrow||<math>\updownarrow</math>||\updownarrow<br />
|-<br />
| <math>\Uparrow</math>||\Uparrow||<math>\Downarrow</math>||\Downarrow||<math>\Updownarrow</math>||\Updownarrow<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Multi-Size Symbols==<br />
Some symbols render differently in regular math mode and in display mode (display mode occurs when you use <nowiki>$$...$$</nowiki>, <cmath>...</cmath>, or \displaystyle). Read more in the [[LaTeX:Commands|commands]] section of the guide about how symbols which take arguments above and below the symbols, such as a summation symbol, behave in the two modes.<br />
<br />
In each of the following, the two images show the symbol in regular mode, then in display mode.<br />
<br />
{| class="latextable"<br />
!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\textstyle\sum \sum</math>||\sum||<math>\textstyle\int \int</math>||\int||<math>\textstyle\oint \oint</math>||\oint<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\textstyle\prod \prod</math>||\prod||<math>\textstyle\coprod \coprod</math>||\coprod||<math>\textstyle\bigcap \bigcap</math>||\bigcap<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\textstyle\bigcup \bigcup</math>||\bigcup||<math>\textstyle\bigsqcup \bigsqcup</math>||\bigsqcup||<math>\textstyle\bigvee \bigvee</math>||\bigvee<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\textstyle\bigwedge \bigwedge</math>||\bigwedge||<math>\textstyle\bigodot \bigodot</math>||\bigodot||<math>\textstyle\bigotimes \bigotimes</math>||\bigotimes<br />
|-<br />
|<math>\textstyle\bigoplus \bigoplus</math>||\bigoplus||<math>\textstyle\biguplus \biguplus</math>||\biguplus<br />
|}<br />
(The two integral symbols render fine in a full LaTeX document .)<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
* x^y is the same as x^{y}. <math>x^y</math><br />
* x_y is the same as x_{y}. <math>x_y</math><br />
* BUT x^10 is ''not'' the same as x^{10}. <math>x^10</math> instead of <math>x^{10}</math>.<br />
<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[LaTeX:Commands | Next: Commands]]<br />
*[[LaTeX:Layout | Previous: Layout]]</div>
Kkval0