Difference between revisions of "2017 AIME I Problems/Problem 9"

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Problem 9

Let $a_{10} = 10$ , and for each integer $n >10$ let $a_n = 100a_{n - 1} + n$ . Find the least $n > 10$ such that $a_n$ is a multiple of $99$ .

Solution 1

Writing out the recursive statement for $a_n, a_{n-1}, \dots, a_{10}$ and summing them gives $a_n+\dots+a_{10}=100(a_{n-1}+\dots+a_{10})+n+\dots+10$ Which simplifies to $a_n=99(a_{n-1}+\dots+a_{10})+\frac{1}{2}(n+10)(n-9)$ Therefore, $a_n$ is divisible by 99 if and only if $\frac{1}{2}(n+10)(n-9)$ is divisible by 99, so $(n+10)(n-9)$ needs to be divisible by 9 and 11. Assume that $n+10$ is a multiple of 11. Writing out a few terms, $n=12, 23, 34, 45$ , we see that $n=45$ is the smallest $n$ that works in this case. Next, assume that $n-9$ is a multiple of 11. Writing out a few terms, $n=20, 31, 42, 53$ , we see that $n=53$ is the smallest $n$ that works in this case. The smallest $n$ is $\boxed{045}$ .

Note that we can also construct the solution using CRT by assuming either $11$ divides $n+10$ and $9$ divides $n-9$ , or $9$ divides $n+10$ and $11$ divides $n-9$ , and taking the smaller solution.

Solution 2

$a_n \equiv a_{n-1} + n \pmod {99}$ By looking at the first few terms, we can see that $a_n \equiv 10+11+12+ \dots + n \pmod {99}$ This implies $a_n \equiv \frac{n(n+1)}{2} - \frac{10*9}{2} \pmod {99}$ Since $a_n \equiv 0 \pmod {99}$ , we can rewrite the equivalence, and simplify $0 \equiv \frac{n(n+1)}{2} - \frac{10*9}{2} \pmod {99}$ $0 \equiv n(n+1) - 90 \pmod {99}$ $0 \equiv 4n^2+4n+36 \pmod {99}$ $0 \equiv (2n+1)^2+35 \pmod {99}$ $64 \equiv (2n+1)^2 \pmod {99}$ The only squares that are congruent to $64 \pmod {99}$ are $(\pm 8)^2$ and $(\pm 19)^2$ , so $2n+1 \equiv -8, 8, 19, \text{or } {-19} \pmod {99}$ $2n+1 \equiv -8 \pmod {99}$ yields $n=45$ as the smallest integer solution.

$2n+1 \equiv 8 \pmod {99}$ yields $n=53$ as the smallest integer solution.

$2n+1 \equiv -19 \pmod {99}$ yields $n=89$ as the smallest integer solution.

$2n+1 \equiv 19 \pmod {99}$ yields $n=9$ as the smallest integer solution. However, $n$ must be greater than $10$ .

The smallest positive integer solution greater than $10$ is $n=\boxed{045}$ .

Solution 3

$a_n=a_{n-1} + n \pmod{99}$ . Using the steps of the previous solution we get up to $n^2+n \equiv 90 \pmod{99}$ . This gives away the fact that $(n)(n+1) \equiv 0 \pmod{9} \implies n \equiv \{0, 8\} \pmod{9}$ so either $n$ or $n+1$ must be a multiple of 9.

Case 1 ( $9 \mid n$ ): Say $n=9x$ and after simplification $x(9x+1) = 10 \pmod{90} \forall x \in \mathbb{Z}$ .

Case 2: ( $9 \mid n+1$ ): Say $n=9a-1$ and after simplification $(9a-1)(a) = 10 \pmod{90} \forall a \in \mathbb{Z}$ .

As a result $a$ must be a divisor of $10$ and after doing some testing in both cases the smallest value that works is $x=5 \implies \boxed{045}$ .

~First

Solution 4 (not good, risky)

We just notice that $100 \equiv 1 \pmod{99}$ , so we are just trying to find $10 + 11 + 12 + \cdots + n$ modulo $99$ , or $\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2} - 45$ modulo $99$ . Also, the sum to $44$ is divisible by $99$ , and is the first one that is. Thus, if we sum to $45$ the $45$ is cut off and thus is just a sum to $44$ .

Without checking whether there are other sums congruent to $45 \pmod{99}$ , we can just write the answer to be $\boxed{045}$ .

Solution 5

Let $b_n = 2a_{n+10}$ . We can find a formula for $b_n$ :

$b_n = (20+n)(n+1)$ .

Notice that both can't have a factor of 3. Thus we can limit our search range of n to $n \equiv 7,8 \pmod{9}$ . Testing values for n in our search range (like 7,8,16,17,25,26...), we get that 35 is the least n. But, don't write that down! Remember, $b_n = 2a_{n+10}$ , so, the 35th term in b corresponds to the 45th term in a. Thus our answer is $\boxed{045}$ .

-AlexLikeMath

Solution 6 (bash, slower, but safer)

The first thing you should realize is that each term after the tenth is another two-digit number chained to the last number. $10, 1011, 101112, \dots$ . Now the fact that the sequence starts at $10$ can be completely discarded for this solution. Just consider $a(10)$ then same as $a(1)$ , and we can add nine to the answer at the end.

The second step is to split $99$ as $9$ and $11$ and solve for divisibility rules individually. Let's start with $11$ because it gives us the most information to continue.

In any number generated, if the numbers don't go beyond $20$ , then the highest number we can get is $10111213141516171819$ , with every odd digit being $1$ . This is a little risky because we are assuming that it doesn't exceed $20$ . If someone wanted to be absolutely sure they could continue, but this is unnecessary later and a big hassle. Anyways, now we write an equation to check for divisibility by $11$ . The expression being $\frac{((n-1) + 0)\cdot n)}{2}-n$ .

The concept here is to add $0$ to the $n-1^{th}$ term altogether, then subtract the number of ones in it, which is $n$ . Simplify to $\frac{n(n-3)}{2}$ congruent to $0 \pmod{11}$ . Now notice the divide by two can be discarded because one of $n$ or $(n-3)$ will be even. So if $n$ or $n-3$ is to be divisible by $11$ , we can make a simple list.

$n = 0, 3, 11, 14, 22, 25, 33, 36, 44, 47, \dots$

Now we test each $n$ for divisibility by $9$ . This is done by making a list that ultimately calculates the sum of every digit in the large number. $n(1)$ to $n(10)$ has the first digit $1$ . $n(11)$ to $n(20)$ has the first digit $2$ , and so on. The necessary thing to realize is that the sum of all digits $0-9$ is divisible by $9$ , so we only have to solve for the sum of the first digits, and then the short list of second digits.

For example, let's test $n=25$ .

So we know that $25$ include both $1-10$ and $11-20$ , so that's $10 + 20$ right away. $21-25$ contains $5$ numbers that have the first digit $3$ , so $+15$ . Then we add $0-4$ together, which is $10$ . $10+20+15+10=55$ , which is not divisible by $9$ , so it is not the answer.

Do this for just a minute you get that $36$ sums to $99$ , a multiple of nine! So $n(36)$ is the answer, right? Don't forget we have to add $9$ because we translated $n(10)$ to $n(1)$ at the very beginning! Finally, after a short bash, we get $\boxed{045}$ .

-jackshi2006 (LaTeX by PureSwag)

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 <math>a_n=a_{n-1} + n \pmod{99}</math>.  Using the steps of the previous solution we get up to <math>n^2+n \equiv 90 \pmod{99}</math>. This gives away the fact that <math>(n)(n+1) \equiv 0 \pmod{9} \implies n \equiv \{0, 8\} \pmod{9}</math> so either <math>n</math> or <math>n+1</math> must be a multiple of 9.
-Case 1 (<math>n|9</math>): Say <math>n=9x</math> and after simplification <math>x(9x+1) = 10 \pmod{90} \forall x \in \mathbb{Z}</math>.
+Case 1 (<math>9 \mid n</math>): Say <math>n=9x</math> and after simplification <math>x(9x+1) = 10 \pmod{90} \forall x \in \mathbb{Z}</math>.
-Case 2: (<math>n+1|9</math>): Say <math>n=9a-1</math> and after simplification <math>(9a-1)(a) = 10 \pmod{90} \forall a \in \mathbb{Z}</math>.
+Case 2: (<math>9 \mid n+1</math>): Say <math>n=9a-1</math> and after simplification <math>(9a-1)(a) = 10 \pmod{90} \forall a \in \mathbb{Z}</math>.
 As a result <math>a</math> must be a divisor of <math>10</math> and after doing some testing in both cases the smallest value that works is <math>x=5 \implies \boxed{045}</math>.

2017 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 8	Followed by Problem 10
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