Difference between revisions of "LaTeX:Symbols"
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{{Latex}} | {{Latex}} | ||
− | This article | + | This article provides a short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols. |
+ | |||
+ | == Finding Other Symbols == | ||
+ | |||
+ | Here are some external resources for finding less commonly used symbols: | ||
+ | <ul> | ||
+ | <li> | ||
+ | [http://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html Detexify] is an online application which allows you to draw the symbol you'd like and shows you the <math>\text{\LaTeX}</math> code for it! | ||
+ | <br/><br/></li> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <li> | ||
+ | MathJax (what allows us to use <math>\text{\LaTeX}</math> on the web, (technically an AJAX library simulating it.)) maintains a [http://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/tex.html#supported-latex-commands list of supported commands]. | ||
+ | <br/><br/></li> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <li> | ||
+ | [http://mirrors.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List]. | ||
+ | <br/><br/></li> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <li> | ||
+ | [https://mathvault.ca/wp-content/uploads/Comprehensive-List-of-Mathematical-Symbols.pdf Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols]. | ||
+ | <br/><br/></li> | ||
+ | </ul> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ||
==Operators== | ==Operators== | ||
Line 31: | Line 54: | ||
|<math>\bigtriangledown</math>||\bigtriangledown||<math>\Box</math>||\Box||<math>\triangleright</math>||\triangleright | |<math>\bigtriangledown</math>||\bigtriangledown||<math>\Box</math>||\Box||<math>\triangleright</math>||\triangleright | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |<math>\setminus</math>||\setminus||<math>\wr</math>||\wr | + | |<math>\setminus</math>||\setminus||<math>\wr</math>||\wr||<math>\sqrt{x}</math>||\sqrt{x} |
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>x^{\circ}</math>||x^{\circ}||<math>\triangledown</math>||\triangledown||<math>\sqrt[n]{x}</math>||\sqrt[n]{x} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>a^x</math>||a^x||<math>a^{xyz}</math>||a^{xyz}||<math>a_x</math>||a_x | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 60: | Line 87: | ||
| <math>\preceq</math>||\preceq||<math>\succeq</math>||\succeq||<math>\models</math>||\models | | <math>\preceq</math>||\preceq||<math>\succeq</math>||\succeq||<math>\models</math>||\models | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | <math>\perp</math>||\perp||<math>\parallel</math>||\parallel| | + | | <math>\perp</math>||\perp||<math>\parallel</math>||\parallel|| |
|- | |- | ||
− | | <math>\mid</math>||\mid | + | | <math>\mid</math>||\mid||<math>\bumpeq</math>||\bumpeq|| |
|} | |} | ||
− | Negations of many of these relations can be formed by just putting \not before the symbol, or by slipping an n between the \ and the word. Here are a | + | Negations of many of these relations can be formed by just putting \not before the symbol, or by slipping an "n" between the \ and the word. Here are a couple examples, plus many other negations; it works for many of the many others as well. |
− | {| class="latextable" | + | |
+ | {| class="latextable"} | ||
!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command | !Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 72: | Line 100: | ||
| <math>\nsim</math>||\nsim||<math>\ncong</math>||\ncong||<math>\nparallel</math>||\nparallel | | <math>\nsim</math>||\nsim||<math>\ncong</math>||\ncong||<math>\nparallel</math>||\nparallel | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | <math>\not<</math>||\not<||<math>\not></math>||\not>||<math>\not=</math>||\not= | + | | <math>\not<</math>||\not<||<math>\not></math>||\not>||<math>\not=</math>||\not= or \neq or \ne |
|- | |- | ||
| <math>\not\le</math>||\not\le||<math>\not\ge</math>||\not\ge||<math>\not\sim</math>||\not\sim | | <math>\not\le</math>||\not\le||<math>\not\ge</math>||\not\ge||<math>\not\sim</math>||\not\sim | ||
Line 84: | Line 112: | ||
| <math>\lneqq</math>||\lneqq||<math>\gneqq</math>||\gneqq | | <math>\lneqq</math>||\lneqq||<math>\gneqq</math>||\gneqq | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | To use other relations not listed here, such as <math>=</math>, <math>></math>, and <math><</math>, in <math>\LaTeX</math>, you must use the symbols on your keyboard, as they are not available in <math>\LaTeX</math>. | ||
==Greek Letters== | ==Greek Letters== | ||
− | ==Arrows== | + | {| class="latextable" |
+ | |+ Lowercase Letters | ||
+ | !Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\alpha</math>||\alpha||<math>\beta</math>||\beta||<math>\gamma</math>||\gamma||<math>\delta</math>||\delta | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <math>\epsilon</math>||\epsilon||<math>\varepsilon</math>||\varepsilon||<math>\zeta</math>||\zeta||<math>\eta</math>||\eta | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <math>\theta</math>||\theta||<math>\vartheta</math>||\vartheta||<math>\iota</math>||\iota||<math>\kappa</math>||\kappa | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <math>\lambda</math>||\lambda||<math>\mu</math>||\mu||<math>\nu</math>||\nu||<math>\xi</math>||\xi | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\pi</math>||\pi||<math>\varpi</math>||\varpi||<math>\rho</math>||\rho||<math>\varrho</math>||\varrho | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <math>\sigma</math>||\sigma||<math>\varsigma</math>||\varsigma||<math>\tau</math>||\tau||<math>\upsilon</math>||\upsilon | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <math>\phi</math>||\phi||<math>\varphi</math>||\varphi||<math>\chi</math>||\chi||<math>\psi</math>||\psi | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <math>\omega</math>||\omega | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="latextable" | ||
+ | |+ Capital Letters | ||
+ | !Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\Gamma</math>||\Gamma||<math>\Delta</math>||\Delta||<math>\Theta</math>||\Theta||<math>\Lambda</math>||\Lambda | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <math>\Xi</math>||\Xi||<math>\Pi</math>||\Pi||<math>\Sigma</math>||\Sigma||<math>\Upsilon</math>||\Upsilon | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <math>\Phi</math>||\Phi||<math>\Psi</math>||\Psi||<math>\Omega</math>||\Omega | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Arrows == | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="latextable" | ||
+ | !Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\gets</math>||\gets||<math>\to</math>||\to | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\leftarrow</math>||\leftarrow||<math>\Leftarrow</math>||\Leftarrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\rightarrow</math>||\rightarrow||<math>\Rightarrow</math>||\Rightarrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\leftrightarrow</math>||\leftrightarrow||<math>\Leftrightarrow</math>||\Leftrightarrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\mapsto</math>||\mapsto||<math>\hookleftarrow</math>||\hookleftarrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\leftharpoonup</math>||\leftharpoonup||<math>\leftharpoondown</math>||\leftharpoondown | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\rightleftharpoons</math>||\rightleftharpoons||<math>\longleftarrow</math>||\longleftarrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\Longleftarrow</math>||\Longleftarrow||<math>\longrightarrow</math>||\longrightarrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\Longrightarrow</math>||\Longrightarrow||<math>\longleftrightarrow</math>||\longleftrightarrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\Longleftrightarrow</math>||\Longleftrightarrow||<math>\longmapsto</math>||\longmapsto | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\hookrightarrow</math>||\hookrightarrow||<math>\rightharpoonup</math>||\rightharpoonup | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\rightharpoondown</math>||\rightharpoondown||<math>\leadsto</math>||\leadsto | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\uparrow</math>||\uparrow||<math>\Uparrow</math>||\Uparrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\downarrow</math>||\downarrow||<math>\Downarrow</math>||\Downarrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\updownarrow</math>||\updownarrow||<math>\Updownarrow</math>||\Updownarrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\nearrow</math>||\nearrow||<math>\searrow</math>||\searrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\swarrow</math>||\swarrow||<math>\nwarrow</math>||\nwarrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\overrightarrow{AB}</math>||\overrightarrow{AB}||<math>\overleftarrow{AB}</math>||\overleftarrow{AB} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\overleftrightarrow{AB}</math>||\overleftrightarrow{AB}|| || | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | (For those of you who hate typing long strings of letters, \iff and \implies can be used in place of \Longleftrightarrow and \Longrightarrow, respectively.) | ||
+ | |||
==Dots== | ==Dots== | ||
+ | {| class="latextable" | ||
+ | !Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!! | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\cdot</math>||\cdot|| |<math>\vdots</math>||\vdots|| | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\dots</math>||\dots|| |<math>\ddots</math>||\ddots|| | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\cdots</math>||\cdots|| |<math>\iddots</math>||\iddots|| | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
==Accents== | ==Accents== | ||
+ | {| class="latextable" | ||
+ | !Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\hat{x}</math>||\hat{x}||<math>\check{x}</math>||\check{x}||<math>\dot{x}</math>||\dot{x} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\breve{x}</math>||\breve{x}||<math>\acute{x}</math>||\acute{x}||<math>\ddot{x}</math>||\ddot{x} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\grave{x}</math>||\grave{x}||<math>\tilde{x}</math>||\tilde{x}||<math>\mathring{x}</math>||\mathring{x} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\bar{x}</math>||\bar{x}||<math>\vec{x}</math>||\vec{x} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | When applying accents to i and j, you can use \imath and \jmath to keep the dots from interfering with the accents: | ||
+ | {| class="latextable" | ||
+ | !Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\vec{\jmath}</math>||\vec{\jmath}||<math>\tilde{\imath}</math>||\tilde{\imath} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | \tilde and \hat have wide versions that allow you to accent an expression: | ||
+ | {| class="latextable" | ||
+ | !Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\widehat{7+x}</math>||\widehat{7+x}||<math>\widetilde{abc}</math>||\widetilde{abc} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
==Others== | ==Others== | ||
− | = | + | {| class="latextable" |
− | + | !Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\infty</math>||\infty||<math>\triangle</math>||\triangle||<math>\angle</math>||\angle | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\aleph</math>||\aleph||<math>\hbar</math>||\hbar||<math>\imath</math>||\imath | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\jmath</math>||\jmath||<math>\ell</math>||\ell||<math>\wp</math>||\wp | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\Re</math>||\Re||<math>\Im</math>||\Im||<math>\mho</math>||\mho | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\prime</math>||\prime||<math>\emptyset</math>||\emptyset||<math>\nabla</math>||\nabla | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\surd</math>||\surd||<math>\partial</math>||\partial||<math>\top</math>||\top | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\bot</math>||\bot||<math>\vdash</math>||\vdash||<math>\dashv</math>||\dashv | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\forall</math>||\forall||<math>\exists</math>||\exists||<math>\neg</math>||\neg | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\flat</math>||\flat||<math>\natural</math>||\natural||<math>\sharp</math>||\sharp | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\backslash</math>||\backslash||<math>\Box</math>||\Box||<math>\Diamond</math>||\Diamond | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\clubsuit</math>||\clubsuit||<math>\diamondsuit</math>||\diamondsuit||<math>\heartsuit</math>||\heartsuit | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\spadesuit</math>||\spadesuit||<math>\Join</math>||\Join||<math>\blacksquare</math>||\blacksquare | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\diamondsuit</math>||\diamondsuit||<math>\copyright</math>||\copyright ||<math>\underarc{XYZ}</math>||\underarc{XYZ} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\heartsuit</math>||\heartsuit||<math>\overarc{ABC}</math>||\overarc{ABC} ||<math>\cup</math>||\cup | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\S</math>||\S||<math>\P</math>||\P||<math>\Vdash</math>||\Vdash | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\pounds</math>||\pounds||<math>\in</math>||\in||<math>\vDash</math>||\vDash | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\bigstar</math>||\bigstar||<math>\implies</math>||\implies||<math>\LaTeX</math>||\LaTeX | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\square</math>||\square||<math>\text{\LaTeX}</math>||\text{\LaTeX}|| | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\smiley</math>||\smiley|| | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\mathbb{R}</math>||\mathbb{R} (represents all real numbers)|| | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\checkmark</math>||\checkmark|| | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\cancer</math>||\cancer|| | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | Note: <math>\cancer</math> and <math>\overarc{ABC}</math> do not work in the classroom. | ||
− | + | ==Command Symbols== | |
+ | Some symbols are used in commands, so they need to be treated in a special way. | ||
+ | {| class="latextable" | ||
+ | !Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\textdollar</math>||\textdollar or \$||<math>\&</math>||\&||<math>\%</math>||\%||<math>\#</math>||\# | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\_</math>||\_||<math>\{</math>||\{||<math>\}</math>||\}||<math>\backslash</math>||\backslash | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | (Warning: Using <nowiki>$</nowiki> for <math>\textdollar</math> will result in <math>$</math>. This is a bug as far as we know. Depending on the version of <math>\LaTeX</math> this is not always a problem.) | |
− | + | ==European Language Symbols== | |
+ | {| class="latextable" | ||
+ | !Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>{\oe}</math>||{\oe}||<math>{\ae}</math>||{\ae}||<math>{\o}</math>||{\o} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>{\OE}</math>||{\OE}||<math>{\AE}</math>||{\AE}||<math>{\AA}</math>||{\AA}||<math>{\O}</math>||{\O} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>{\l}</math>||{\l}||<math>{\ss}</math>||{\ss}||<math>\text{!`}</math>||!` | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>{\L}</math>||{\L}||<math>{\SS}</math>||{\SS}|| | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | ' | + | ==Bracketing Symbols== |
+ | In mathematics, sometimes we need to enclose expressions in brackets, braces or parentheses. Some of these work just as you'd imagine in LaTeX; type ( and ) for parentheses, [ and ] for brackets, and | and | for absolute value. However, other symbols have special commands: | ||
+ | {| class="latextable" | ||
+ | !Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\{</math>||\{||<math>\}</math>||\}||<math>\|</math>||<nowiki>\|</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <math>\backslash</math>||\backslash||<math>\lfloor</math>||\lfloor||<math>\rfloor</math>||\rfloor | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <math>\lceil</math>||\lceil||<math>\rceil</math>||\rceil||<math>\langle</math>||\langle | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <math>\rangle</math>||\rangle | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | You might notice that if you use any of these to typeset an expression that is vertically large, like | ||
− | + | :<tt>(\frac{a}{x} )^2</tt> | |
− | ' | + | the parentheses don't come out the right size: |
− | + | :<math>(\frac{a}{x})^2</math> | |
− | + | If we put \left and \right before the relevant parentheses, we get a prettier expression: | |
− | + | :<tt>\left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2</tt> | |
− | + | gives | |
− | + | :<math>\left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2</math> | |
− | + | For systems of equations or piecewise functions, use the cases environment: | |
− | + | <tt>f(x) = \</tt><tt>begin{cases} x^2 &\text{if } x \ge 0 \ x &\text{if } x < 0 \</tt><tt>end{cases}</tt> | |
− | + | which gives | |
− | + | <math>f(x) = \begin{cases} x^2 &\text{if } x \ge 0 \ x &\text{if } x < 0 \end{cases}</math> | |
− | + | In addition to the <tt>\left</tt> and <tt>\right</tt> commands, when doing floor or ceiling functions with fractions, using | |
− | + | <tt>\left\lceil\frac{x}{y}\right\rceil</tt> | |
− | + | and <tt>\left\lfloor\frac{x}{y}\right\rfloor </tt> | |
− | + | gives both <math>\left\lceil\frac{x}{y}\right\rceil</math> and <math>\left\lfloor\frac{x}{y}\right\rfloor</math>, respectively. | |
− | |||
− | + | And, if you type this | |
− | + | <tt>\underbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}_{x}</tt> | |
− | + | Gives | |
− | + | <math>\underbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}_{x}</math> | |
− | + | Or | |
− | + | <tt>\overbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}^{x}</tt> | |
− | + | Gives | |
− | + | <math>\overbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}^{x}</math> | |
− | |||
− | + | \left and \right can also be used to resize the following symbols: | |
+ | {| class="latextable" | ||
+ | !Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\uparrow</math>||\uparrow||<math>\downarrow</math>||\downarrow||<math>\updownarrow</math>||\updownarrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <math>\Uparrow</math>||\Uparrow||<math>\Downarrow</math>||\Downarrow||<math>\Updownarrow</math>||\Updownarrow | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==Multi-Size Symbols== | |
+ | Some symbols render differently in inline math mode and in display mode. Display mode occurs when you use <nowiki>\[...\]</nowiki> or <nowiki>$$...$$</nowiki>, or environments like <code> | ||
− | + | In each of the following, the two images show the symbol in display mode, then in inline mode. | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
+ | {| class="latextable" | ||
+ | !Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\sum \textstyle\sum</math>||\sum||<math>\int \textstyle\int</math>||\int||<math>\oint \textstyle\oint</math>||\oint | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\prod \textstyle\prod</math>||\prod||<math>\coprod \textstyle\coprod</math>||\coprod||<math>\bigcap \textstyle\bigcap</math>||\bigcap | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\bigcup \textstyle\bigcup</math>||\bigcup||<math>\bigsqcup \textstyle\bigsqcup</math>||\bigsqcup||<math>\bigvee \textstyle\bigvee</math>||\bigvee | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\bigwedge \textstyle\bigwedge</math>||\bigwedge||<math>\bigodot \textstyle\bigodot</math>||\bigodot||<math>\bigotimes \textstyle\bigotimes</math>||\bigotimes | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\bigoplus \textstyle\bigoplus</math>||\bigoplus||<math>\biguplus \textstyle\biguplus</math>||\biguplus | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | ==See | + | ==See More== |
*[[LaTeX:Commands | Next: Commands]] | *[[LaTeX:Commands | Next: Commands]] | ||
− |
Latest revision as of 19:35, 4 November 2024
LaTeX |
About - Getting Started - Diagrams - Symbols - Downloads - Basics - Math - Examples - Pictures - Layout - Commands - Packages - Help |
This article provides a short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols.
Contents
[hide]Finding Other Symbols
Here are some external resources for finding less commonly used symbols:
-
Detexify is an online application which allows you to draw the symbol you'd like and shows you the code for it!
-
MathJax (what allows us to use on the web, (technically an AJAX library simulating it.)) maintains a list of supported commands.
-
The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List.
-
Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols.
Operators
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\pm | \mp | \times | |||
\div | \cdot | \ast | |||
\star | \dagger | \ddagger | |||
\amalg | \cap | \cup | |||
\uplus | \sqcap | \sqcup | |||
\vee | \wedge | \oplus | |||
\ominus | \otimes | \circ | |||
\bullet | \diamond | \lhd | |||
\rhd | \unlhd | \unrhd | |||
\oslash | \odot | \bigcirc | |||
\triangleleft | \Diamond | \bigtriangleup | |||
\bigtriangledown | \Box | \triangleright | |||
\setminus | \wr | \sqrt{x} | |||
x^{\circ} | \triangledown | \sqrt[n]{x} | |||
a^x | a^{xyz} | a_x |
Relations
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\le | \ge | \neq | |||
\sim | \ll | \gg | |||
\doteq | \simeq | \subset | |||
\supset | \approx | \asymp | |||
\subseteq | \supseteq | \cong | |||
\smile | \sqsubset | \sqsupset | |||
\equiv | \frown | \sqsubseteq | |||
\sqsupseteq | \propto | \bowtie | |||
\in | \ni | \prec | |||
\succ | \vdash | \dashv | |||
\preceq | \succeq | \models | |||
\perp | \parallel | ||||
\mid | \bumpeq |
Negations of many of these relations can be formed by just putting \not before the symbol, or by slipping an "n" between the \ and the word. Here are a couple examples, plus many other negations; it works for many of the many others as well.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\nmid | \nleq | \ngeq | |||
\nsim | \ncong | \nparallel | |||
\not< | \not> | \not= or \neq or \ne | |||
\not\le | \not\ge | \not\sim | |||
\not\approx | \not\cong | \not\equiv | |||
\not\parallel | \nless | \ngtr | |||
\lneq | \gneq | \lnsim | |||
\lneqq | \gneqq |
To use other relations not listed here, such as , , and , in , you must use the symbols on your keyboard, as they are not available in .
Greek Letters
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\alpha | \beta | \gamma | \delta | ||||
\epsilon | \varepsilon | \zeta | \eta | ||||
\theta | \vartheta | \iota | \kappa | ||||
\lambda | \mu | \nu | \xi | ||||
\pi | \varpi | \rho | \varrho | ||||
\sigma | \varsigma | \tau | \upsilon | ||||
\phi | \varphi | \chi | \psi | ||||
\omega |
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\Gamma | \Delta | \Theta | \Lambda | ||||
\Xi | \Pi | \Sigma | \Upsilon | ||||
\Phi | \Psi | \Omega |
Arrows
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|
\gets | \to | ||
\leftarrow | \Leftarrow | ||
\rightarrow | \Rightarrow | ||
\leftrightarrow | \Leftrightarrow | ||
\mapsto | \hookleftarrow | ||
\leftharpoonup | \leftharpoondown | ||
\rightleftharpoons | \longleftarrow | ||
\Longleftarrow | \longrightarrow | ||
\Longrightarrow | \longleftrightarrow | ||
\Longleftrightarrow | \longmapsto | ||
\hookrightarrow | \rightharpoonup | ||
\rightharpoondown | \leadsto | ||
\uparrow | \Uparrow | ||
\downarrow | \Downarrow | ||
\updownarrow | \Updownarrow | ||
\nearrow | \searrow | ||
\swarrow | \nwarrow | ||
\overrightarrow{AB} | \overleftarrow{AB} | ||
\overleftrightarrow{AB} |
(For those of you who hate typing long strings of letters, \iff and \implies can be used in place of \Longleftrightarrow and \Longrightarrow, respectively.)
Dots
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | |
---|---|---|---|---|
\cdot | \vdots | |||
\dots | \ddots | |||
\cdots | \iddots |
Accents
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\hat{x} | \check{x} | \dot{x} | |||
\breve{x} | \acute{x} | \ddot{x} | |||
\grave{x} | \tilde{x} | \mathring{x} | |||
\bar{x} | \vec{x} |
When applying accents to i and j, you can use \imath and \jmath to keep the dots from interfering with the accents:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|
\vec{\jmath} | \tilde{\imath} |
\tilde and \hat have wide versions that allow you to accent an expression:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|
\widehat{7+x} | \widetilde{abc} |
Others
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\infty | \triangle | \angle | |||
\aleph | \hbar | \imath | |||
\jmath | \ell | \wp | |||
\Re | \Im | \mho | |||
\prime | \emptyset | \nabla | |||
\surd | \partial | \top | |||
\bot | \vdash | \dashv | |||
\forall | \exists | \neg | |||
\flat | \natural | \sharp | |||
\backslash | \Box | \Diamond | |||
\clubsuit | \diamondsuit | \heartsuit | |||
\spadesuit | \Join | \blacksquare | |||
\diamondsuit | \copyright | \underarc{XYZ} | |||
\heartsuit | \overarc{ABC} | \cup | |||
\S | \P | \Vdash | |||
\pounds | \in | \vDash | |||
\bigstar | \implies | \LaTeX | |||
\square | \text{\LaTeX} | ||||
\smiley | |||||
\mathbb{R} (represents all real numbers) | |||||
\checkmark | |||||
\cancer |
Note: and do not work in the classroom.
Command Symbols
Some symbols are used in commands, so they need to be treated in a special way.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\textdollar or $ | \& | \% | \# | ||||
\_ | \{ | \} | \backslash |
(Warning: Using $ for will result in . This is a bug as far as we know. Depending on the version of this is not always a problem.)
European Language Symbols
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
{\oe} | {\ae} | {\o} | |||||
{\OE} | {\AE} | {\AA} | {\O} | ||||
{\l} | {\ss} | !` | |||||
{\L} | {\SS} |
Bracketing Symbols
In mathematics, sometimes we need to enclose expressions in brackets, braces or parentheses. Some of these work just as you'd imagine in LaTeX; type ( and ) for parentheses, [ and ] for brackets, and | and | for absolute value. However, other symbols have special commands:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\{ | \} | \| | |||
\backslash | \lfloor | \rfloor | |||
\lceil | \rceil | \langle | |||
\rangle |
You might notice that if you use any of these to typeset an expression that is vertically large, like
- (\frac{a}{x} )^2
the parentheses don't come out the right size:
If we put \left and \right before the relevant parentheses, we get a prettier expression:
- \left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2
gives
For systems of equations or piecewise functions, use the cases environment:
f(x) = \begin{cases} x^2 &\text{if } x \ge 0 \ x &\text{if } x < 0 \end{cases}
which gives
In addition to the \left and \right commands, when doing floor or ceiling functions with fractions, using
\left\lceil\frac{x}{y}\right\rceil
and \left\lfloor\frac{x}{y}\right\rfloor
gives both and , respectively.
And, if you type this
\underbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}_{x}
Gives
Or
\overbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}^{x}
Gives
\left and \right can also be used to resize the following symbols:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\uparrow | \downarrow | \updownarrow | |||
\Uparrow | \Downarrow | \Updownarrow |
Multi-Size Symbols
Some symbols render differently in inline math mode and in display mode. Display mode occurs when you use \[...\] or $$...$$, or environments like \begin{equation}...\end{equation}
or \begin{align}...\end{align}
. Read more in the commands section of the guide about how symbols which take arguments above and below the symbols, such as a summation symbol, behave in the two modes.
In each of the following, the two images show the symbol in display mode, then in inline mode.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\sum | \int | \oint | |||
\prod | \coprod | \bigcap | |||
\bigcup | \bigsqcup | \bigvee | |||
\bigwedge | \bigodot | \bigotimes | |||
\bigoplus | \biguplus |