Difference between revisions of "2021 Fall AMC 12B Problems/Problem 21"
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3 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 4</math> | 3 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 4</math> | ||
− | ==Solution== | + | ==Solution 1== |
− | Let <math>a=\cos(x)+i\sin(x)</math>. Now <math>P(a)=1+a-a^2+a^3</math>. <math>P(-1)=-2</math> and <math>P(0)=1</math> so there is a real | + | Let <math>a=\cos(x)+i\sin(x)</math>. Now <math>P(a)=1+a-a^2+a^3</math>. <math>P(-1)=-2</math> and <math>P(0)=1</math> so there is a real root <math>a_1</math> between <math>-1</math> and <math>0</math>. The other <math>a</math>'s must be complex conjugates since all coefficients of the polynomial are real. The magnitude of those complex <math>a</math>'s squared is <math>-\frac{1}{a_1}</math>, which is greater than <math>1</math>. If <math>x</math> is real number then <math>a</math> must have magnitude of <math>1</math>, but none of the solutions for <math>a</math> have magnitude of <math>1</math>, so the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ 0 }</math> ~lopkiloinm |
+ | |||
+ | == Solution 2 == | ||
+ | |||
+ | For <math>\textrm{Im}(P(x))=0</math>, we get <cmath>\sin(2x)=\sin(x)+\sin(3x)=2\sin(2x)\cos(x)</cmath> So either <math>\sin(2x)=0</math>, i.e. <math>x\in\{0,\pi\}</math> or <math>\cos(x)=\tfrac 12</math>, i.e. <math>x\in \{\pi/3, 5\pi/3\}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | For none of these values do we get <math>\textrm{Re}(P(x))=0</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Therefore, the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A) }0}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Solution 3 == | ||
+ | We have | ||
+ | <cmath> | ||
+ | \begin{align*} | ||
+ | P \left( x \right) | ||
+ | & = 1 + e^{ix} - e^{i 2x} + e^{i 3x} . | ||
+ | \end{align*} | ||
+ | </cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Denote <math>y = e^{i x}</math>. Hence, this problem asks us to find the number of <math>y</math> with <math>| y| = 1</math> that satisfy | ||
+ | <cmath> | ||
+ | \[ | ||
+ | 1 + y - y^2 + y^3 = 0 . \hspace{1cm} (1) | ||
+ | \] | ||
+ | </cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Taking imaginary part of both sides, we have | ||
+ | <cmath> | ||
+ | \begin{align*} | ||
+ | 0 & = {\rm Im} \ \left( 1 + y - y^2 + y^3 \right) \ | ||
+ | & = \frac{1}{2i} \left( y - \bar y - y^2 + \bar y^2 + y^3 - \bar y^3 \right) \ | ||
+ | & = \frac{y - \bar y}{2i} \left( 1 - y - \bar y + y^2 + y \bar y + \bar y^2 \right) \ | ||
+ | & = {\rm Im} \ y \left( 1 - \left( y + \bar y \right) + \left( y + \bar y \right)^2 - y \bar y \right) \ | ||
+ | & = {\rm Im} \ y \left( 1 - 2 {\rm Re} \ y + 4 \left( {\rm Re} \ y \right)^2 - |y|^2 \right) \ | ||
+ | & = {\rm Im} \ y \left( 1 - 2 {\rm Re} \ y + 4 \left( {\rm Re} \ y \right)^2 - 1 \right) \ | ||
+ | & = 2 {\rm Im} \ y \cdot {\rm Re} \ y \left( 2 {\rm Re} \ y - 1 \right) \ | ||
+ | \end{align*} | ||
+ | </cmath> | ||
+ | The sixth equality follows from the property that <math>|y| = 1</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Therefore, we have either <math>{\rm Re} \ y = 0</math> or <math>{\rm Im} \ y = 0</math> or <math>2 {\rm Re} \ y - 1 = 0</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Case 1: <math>{\rm Re} \ y = 0</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Because <math>|y| = 1</math>, <math>y = \pm i</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | However, these solutions fail to satisfy Equation (1). | ||
+ | |||
+ | Therefore, there is no solution in this case. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Case 2: <math>{\rm Im} \ y = 0</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Because <math>|y| = 1</math>, <math>y = \pm 1</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | However, these solutions fail to satisfy Equation (1). | ||
+ | |||
+ | Therefore, there is no solution in this case. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Case 3: <math>2 {\rm Re} \ y - 1 = 0</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Because <math>|y| = 1</math>, <math>y = \frac{1}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} i = e^{i \pm \frac{\pi}{3}}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | However, these solutions fail to satisfy Equation (1). | ||
+ | |||
+ | Therefore, there is no solution in this case. | ||
+ | |||
+ | All cases above imply that there is no solution in this problem. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Therefore, the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A) }0}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ~Steven Chen (www.professorchenedu.com) | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Solution 4 == | ||
+ | Let <math>a=\cos(x)+i\sin(x)</math>, so by De Moivre <math>P(x)=a^3-a^2+a+1</math>. The problem essentially asks for the number of real roots of <math>P</math> which lie on the complex unit circle. | ||
+ | Let <math>|r|=1</math> be a root of <math>P</math>, and note that we can't have <math>r^3-r^2+r=0</math>, else <math>P(r)=0</math>. Thus, suppose henceforth that <math>r^3-r^2+r \neq 0</math>. We then have <math>r^3-r^2+r=r^2(r+\tfrac{1}{r}-1)=a^2(2\mathrm{Re}(r)-1)</math>, hence the argument of <math>r^3-r^2+r</math> is either the argument of <math>a^2</math>, or the argument of <math>-a^2</math>. Since <math>r^3-r^2+r=-1</math> is real, it follows that <math>a^2=\pm 1 \implies a \in \{1,i,-1,-i\}</math>. Now, we can check all of these values and find that none of them work, yielding an answer of <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A) }0}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | -IAmTheHazard | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Solution 5 (Geometry) == | ||
+ | <math>P(x)</math> can be written equivalently as <math>P(x) = 1 + cis(x) - cis(2x) + cis(3x).</math> Thus, we aim to find <math>x</math> such that the sum of the vectors <math>cis(x)</math>, <math>-cis(2x)</math>, and <math>cis(3x)</math> is -1. Notice that <math>cis(x)</math>, <math>-cis(2x)</math>, <math>cis(3x)</math> all lie on the unit circle in the complex plane, and the vector <math>cis(x) + cis(3x)</math> is collinear with <math>-cis(2x).</math> Since <math>|-cis(2x)| = 1</math> and we want the three vectors to sum to -1, we either have | ||
+ | <math>-cis(2x) = 1</math> and <math>cis(x) + cis(3x) = -2</math>, or <math>-cis(2x) = -1</math> and <math>cis(x) + cis(3x) = 0.</math> If the first condition is true, <math>cis(x) = cis(3x)=-1.</math> This will imply that <math>x= \pi.</math> But then <math>-cis(2x) = -1</math>, which violates the condition. Similarly, we can show that the second condition cannot be met either. Thus <math>P(x)</math> does not have any solutions on the interval <math>[0, 2\pi].</math> Therefore, the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A) }0}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | -mathy_mathema | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Video Solution== | ||
+ | https://youtu.be/p7dlJzqyEqQ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ~MathProblemSolvingSkills.com | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ==Brute Force Solution== | ||
+ | 1+cis(x)+cis(3x)=cis(2x) | ||
+ | try out all the common values x could be | ||
+ | 0,pi/4,pi/3,pi/2,2pi/3,3pi/4,pi,4pi/3,5pi/4,3pi/2,7pi/4,5pi/3,2pi | ||
+ | insert them into the equation, and then you find none that work | ||
+ | so… let’s move on and pray that our answer is right | ||
+ | emilyyunhanq@gmail.com | ||
+ | Emily Q | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Video Solution by Mathematical Dexterity== | ||
+ | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhAc0P09czI | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Video Solution by The Power of Logic== | ||
+ | https://youtu.be/SHMW3QG4Uu4 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==See Also== | ||
+ | {{AMC12 box|year=2021 Fall|ab=B|num-a=22|num-b=20}} | ||
+ | {{MAA Notice}} |
Latest revision as of 03:54, 9 November 2024
Contents
[hide]Problem
For real numbers , let where . For how many values of with does
Solution 1
Let . Now . and so there is a real root between and . The other 's must be complex conjugates since all coefficients of the polynomial are real. The magnitude of those complex 's squared is , which is greater than . If is real number then must have magnitude of , but none of the solutions for have magnitude of , so the answer is ~lopkiloinm
Solution 2
For , we get So either , i.e. or , i.e. .
For none of these values do we get .
Therefore, the answer is .
Solution 3
We have
Denote . Hence, this problem asks us to find the number of with that satisfy
Taking imaginary part of both sides, we have The sixth equality follows from the property that .
Therefore, we have either or or .
Case 1: .
Because , .
However, these solutions fail to satisfy Equation (1).
Therefore, there is no solution in this case.
Case 2: .
Because , .
However, these solutions fail to satisfy Equation (1).
Therefore, there is no solution in this case.
Case 3: .
Because , .
However, these solutions fail to satisfy Equation (1).
Therefore, there is no solution in this case.
All cases above imply that there is no solution in this problem.
Therefore, the answer is .
~Steven Chen (www.professorchenedu.com)
Solution 4
Let , so by De Moivre . The problem essentially asks for the number of real roots of which lie on the complex unit circle. Let be a root of , and note that we can't have , else . Thus, suppose henceforth that . We then have , hence the argument of is either the argument of , or the argument of . Since is real, it follows that . Now, we can check all of these values and find that none of them work, yielding an answer of .
-IAmTheHazard
Solution 5 (Geometry)
can be written equivalently as Thus, we aim to find such that the sum of the vectors , , and is -1. Notice that , , all lie on the unit circle in the complex plane, and the vector is collinear with Since and we want the three vectors to sum to -1, we either have and , or and If the first condition is true, This will imply that But then , which violates the condition. Similarly, we can show that the second condition cannot be met either. Thus does not have any solutions on the interval Therefore, the answer is .
-mathy_mathema
Video Solution
~MathProblemSolvingSkills.com
Brute Force Solution
1+cis(x)+cis(3x)=cis(2x) try out all the common values x could be 0,pi/4,pi/3,pi/2,2pi/3,3pi/4,pi,4pi/3,5pi/4,3pi/2,7pi/4,5pi/3,2pi insert them into the equation, and then you find none that work so… let’s move on and pray that our answer is right emilyyunhanq@gmail.com Emily Q
Video Solution by Mathematical Dexterity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhAc0P09czI
Video Solution by The Power of Logic
See Also
2021 Fall AMC 12B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | |
Preceded by Problem 20 |
Followed by Problem 22 |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | |
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions |
The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.