Difference between revisions of "1992 USAMO Problems/Problem 4"
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Since any cross section of sphere is a circle. It implies that <math>A</math>, <math>A'</math>, <math>B</math>, <math>B'</math> be on the same circle (<math>\omega_1</math>), <math>A</math>, <math>B</math>, <math>P</math> be on the same circle (<math>\omega_2</math>), and <math>A'</math>, <math>B'</math>, <math>P</math> be on the same circle (<math>\omega_3</math>). | Since any cross section of sphere is a circle. It implies that <math>A</math>, <math>A'</math>, <math>B</math>, <math>B'</math> be on the same circle (<math>\omega_1</math>), <math>A</math>, <math>B</math>, <math>P</math> be on the same circle (<math>\omega_2</math>), and <math>A'</math>, <math>B'</math>, <math>P</math> be on the same circle (<math>\omega_3</math>). | ||
− | <math>m\angle APB= m\ | + | <math>m\angle APB= m\angle A'PB'</math> because they are vertical angles. By power of point, <math>(AP)(A'P)=(BP)(B'P)\rightarrow\frac{AP}{B'P}=\frac{BP}{A'P}</math> |
By the SAS triangle simlarity theory, <math>\triangle APB \sim\triangle B'PA'</math>. That implies that <math>\angle ABP\cong\angle B'PA'</math>. | By the SAS triangle simlarity theory, <math>\triangle APB \sim\triangle B'PA'</math>. That implies that <math>\angle ABP\cong\angle B'PA'</math>. | ||
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<math>l</math> must be the common tangent of <math>\omega_2</math> and <math>\omega_3</math>. | <math>l</math> must be the common tangent of <math>\omega_2</math> and <math>\omega_3</math>. | ||
− | The acute angles form by <math>l</math> and <math>\ | + | The acute angles form by <math>l</math> and <math>\overline{AA'}</math> are congruent to each other (vertical angles) and by the tangent-chord theorem, the central angle of chord <math>\overline{AP}</math> and <math>\overline{A'P}</math> are equal. |
− | Similarly the central angle of chord <math>\ | + | Similarly the central angle of chord <math>\overline{BP}</math> and <math>\overline{B'P}</math> are equal. |
The length of any chord with central angle <math>2\theta</math> and radius <math>r</math> is <math>2r\sin\left({\theta}\right)</math>, which can easily been seen if we drop the perpendicular from the center to the chord. | The length of any chord with central angle <math>2\theta</math> and radius <math>r</math> is <math>2r\sin\left({\theta}\right)</math>, which can easily been seen if we drop the perpendicular from the center to the chord. | ||
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<br/> | <br/> | ||
− | That implies that <math>\angle ABP\cong\ | + | That implies that <math>\angle ABP\cong\angle A'PB'\cong\angle B'PA'</math>. Thus, <math>\triangle A'PB'</math> is an isosceles triangle and since <math>\triangle APB \sim\triangle A'PB'</math>, then<math>\triangle APB</math> must be an isosceles triangle too. |
==Solution 2== | ==Solution 2== |
Revision as of 19:43, 13 March 2015
Contents
[hide]Problem
Chords , , and of a sphere meet at an interior point but are not contained in the same plane. The sphere through , , , and is tangent to the sphere through , , , and . Prove that .
Solution
Consider the plane through . This plane, of course, also contains . We can easily find the is isosceles because the base angles are equal. Thus, . Similarly, . Thus, . By symmetry, and , and hence as desired.
Add-on
By another person ^v^
The person that came up with the solution did not prove that is isosceles nor the base angles are congruent. I will add on to the solution.
There is a common tangent plane that pass through for the spheres that are tangent to each other.
Since any cross section of sphere is a circle. It implies that , , , be on the same circle (), , , be on the same circle (), and , , be on the same circle ().
because they are vertical angles. By power of point,
By the SAS triangle simlarity theory, . That implies that .
Let's call the interception of the common tangent plane and the plane containing , , , , , line .
must be the common tangent of and .
The acute angles form by and are congruent to each other (vertical angles) and by the tangent-chord theorem, the central angle of chord and are equal.
Similarly the central angle of chord and are equal.
The length of any chord with central angle and radius is , which can easily been seen if we drop the perpendicular from the center to the chord.
Thus, .
By the SAS triangle simlarity theory, . That implies that .
That implies that . Thus, is an isosceles triangle and since , then must be an isosceles triangle too.
Solution 2
Call the large sphere , the one containing A , and the one containing O_3. The centers are , and .
Since two spheres always intersect in a circle , we know that A,B, and C must lie on a circle ()completely contained in and
Similarly, A', B', and C' must lie on a circle () completely contained in and .
So, we know that 3 lines connecting a point on and P hit a point on . This implies that projects through P to , which in turn means that is in a plane parallel to that of . Then, since and lie on the same sphere, we know that they must have the same central axis, which also must contain P (since the center projects through P to the other center).
So, all line from a point on to P are of the same length, as are all lines from a point on to P. Since AA', BB', and CC' are all composed of one of each type of line, they must all be equal.
Resources
1992 USAMO (Problems • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 3 |
Followed by Problem 5 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 | ||
All USAMO Problems and Solutions |
The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.