2019 AIME II Problems/Problem 12

Problem

For $n \ge 1$ call a finite sequence $(a_1, a_2 \ldots a_n)$ of positive integers progressive if $a_i < a_{i+1}$ and $a_i$ divides $a_{i+1}$ for all $1 \le i \le n-1$ . Find the number of progressive sequences such that the sum of the terms in the sequence is equal to $360$ .

Solution

If the first term is $x$ , then dividing through by $x$ , we see that we can find the number of progressive sequences whose sum is $\frac{360}{x} - 1$ , and whose first term is not 1. If $a(k)$ denotes the number of progressive sequences whose sum is $k$ and whose first term is not 1, then we can express the answer $N$ as follows:

$\begin{align*}N &= a(359) + a(179) + a(119) + a(89) + a(71) + a(59) + a(44) + a(39) \\ &+ a(35) + a(29) + a(23) + a(19) + a(17) + a(14) + a(11) + a(9) \\ &+ a(8) + a(7) + a(5) + a(4) + a(3) + a(2) + a(1) + 1 \end{align*}$

The $+1$ at the end accounts for the sequence whose only term is 360. Fortunately, many of these numbers are prime; we have $a(p) = 1$ for primes $p$ as the only such sequence is " $p$ " itself. Also, $a(1) = 0$ . So we have

$N = 15 + a(119) + a(44) + a(39) + a(35) + a(14) + a(9) + a(8) + a(4)$

For small $k$ , $a(k)$ is easy to compute: $a(4) = 1$ , $a(8) = 2$ , $a(9) = 2$ . For intermediate $k$ (e.g. $k=21$ below), $a(k)$ can be computed recursively using previously-computed values of $a(\cdot)$ , similar to dynamic programming. Then we have $\begin{align*} a(14) &= 1+a(6) = 1+2 = 3\\ a(35) &= 1+a(6)+a(4) = 1 + 2 + 1 = 4 \\ a(39) &= 2 + a(12) = 2+4 = 6 \\ a(44) &= 2 + a(21) + a(10) = 2+4+2=8 \\ a(119) &= 1 + a(16) + a(6) = 1 + 3 + 2 = 6 \end{align*}$ Thus the answer is $N = 15+6+8+6+4+3+2+2+1 = \boxed{047}$ .

-scrabbler94

2019 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 11	Followed by Problem 13
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2019 AIME II Problems/Problem 12

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