# 1983 AIME Problems/Problem 9

## Problem

Find the minimum value of $\frac{9x^2\sin^2 x + 4}{x\sin x}$ for $0 < x < \pi$.

## Solution

### Solution 1

Let $y=x\sin{x}$. We can rewrite the expression as $\frac{9y^2+4}{y}=9y+\frac{4}{y}$.

Since $x>0$ and $\sin{x}>0$ because $0< x<\pi$, we have $y>0$. So we can apply AM-GM:

$$9y+\frac{4}{y}\ge 2\sqrt{9y\cdot\frac{4}{y}}=12$$

The equality holds when $9y=\frac{4}{y}\Longleftrightarrow y^2=\frac49\Longleftrightarrow y=\frac23$.

Therefore, the minimum value is $\boxed{012}$ (when $x\sin{x}=\frac23$; since $x\sin x$ is continuous and increasing on the interval $0 \le x \le \frac{\pi}{2}$ and its range on that interval is from $0 \le x\sin x \le \frac{\pi}{2}$, by the Intermediate Value Theorem this value is attainable).

### Solution 2

We can rewrite the numerator to be a perfect square by adding $-\dfrac{12x\sinx}{x\sinx}$ (Error compiling LaTeX. ! Undefined control sequence.). Thus, we must also add back $12$.

This results in $\dfrac{(3x\sinx-2)^2}{x\sinx}+12$ (Error compiling LaTeX. ! Undefined control sequence.).

Thus, if $3x\sinx-2=0$ (Error compiling LaTeX. ! Undefined control sequence.), then the minimum is obviously 12. We show this possible with the same methods in Solution 1; thus the answer is $012$.

### Solution 3

Let $y = x\sin{x}$ and rewrite the expression as $f(y) = 9y + \frac{4}{y}$, similar to the previous solution. To minimize $f(y)$, take the derivative of $f(y)$ and set it equal to zero.

The derivative of $f(y)$, using the Power Rule, is

$f'(y)$ = $9 - 4y^{-2}$

$f'(y)$ is zero only when $y = \frac{2}{3}$ or $y = -\frac{2}{3}$. It can further be verified that $\frac{2}{3}$ and $-\frac{2}{3}$ are relative minima by finding the derivatives of other points near the critical points. However, since $x \sin{x}$ is always positive in the given domain, $y = \frac{2}{3}$. Therefore, $x\sin{x}$ = $\frac{2}{3}$, and the answer is $\frac{(9)(\frac{2}{3})^2 + 4}{\frac{2}{3}} = \boxed{012}$.