Difference between revisions of "2000 AIME I Problems/Problem 6"

m (Solution 2)
(20 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 
== Problem ==
 
== Problem ==
For how many ordered pairs <math>(x,y)</math> of integers is it true that <math>0 < x < y < 10^{6}</math> and that the arithmetic mean of <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> is exactly <math>2</math> more than the geometric mean of <math>x</math> and <math>y</math>?
+
For how many [[ordered pair]]s <math>(x,y)</math> of [[integer]]s is it true that <math>0 < x < y < 10^6</math> and that the [[arithmetic mean]] of <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> is exactly <math>2</math> more than the [[geometric mean]] of <math>x</math> and <math>y</math>?
  
== Solution ==
+
== Solutions ==
From the condition given,
+
=== Solution 1 ===
 +
<cmath>\begin{eqnarray*}
 +
\frac{x+y}{2} &=& \sqrt{xy} + 2\\
 +
x+y-4 &=& 2\sqrt{xy}\\
 +
y - 2\sqrt{xy} + x &=& 4\\
 +
\sqrt{y} - \sqrt{x} &=& \pm 2\end{eqnarray*}</cmath>
  
<math>\begin{align*}
+
Because <math>y > x</math>, we only consider <math>+2</math>.
\frac{x + y}{2} - 2 &= \sqrt{xy}\\
 
x + y - 2\sqrt{xy} &= 4\\
 
(\sqrt{y} - \sqrt{x})^2 &= 4\\
 
\sqrt{y} - \sqrt{x} &= 2
 
\end{align*}</math>
 
  
The last equation is true because <math>y > x</math>.
+
For simplicity, we can count how many valid pairs of <math>(\sqrt{x},\sqrt{y})</math> that satisfy our equation.
  
Here, we can count how many valid pairs of <math>(\sqrt{x},\sqrt{y})</math> satisfy our equation, rather than <math>(x,y)</math> directly, because <math>(x,y)</math> can get messy.  
+
The maximum that <math>\sqrt{y}</math> can be is <math>\sqrt{10^6} - 1 = 999</math> because <math>\sqrt{y}</math> must be an integer (this is because <math>\sqrt{y} - \sqrt{x} = 2</math>, an integer). Then <math>\sqrt{x} = 997</math>, and we continue this downward until <math>\sqrt{y} = 3</math>, in which case <math>\sqrt{x} = 1</math>. The number of pairs of <math>(\sqrt{x},\sqrt{y})</math>, and so <math>(x,y)</math> is then <math>\boxed{997}</math>.
 +
<!-- solution lost in edit conflict - azjps -
 +
Since <math>y>x</math>, it follows that each ordered pair <math>(x,y) = (n^2, (n+2)^2)</math> satisfies this equation. The minimum value of <math>x</math> is <math>1</math> and the maximum value of <math>y = 999^2</math> which would make <math>x = 997^2</math>. Thus <math>x</math> can be any of the squares between <math>1</math> and <math>997^2</math> inclusive and the answer is <math>\boxed{997}</math>.
 +
-->
  
The maximum that <math>\sqrt{y}</math> can be is <math>10^3 - 1 = 999</math> because <math>\sqrt{y}</math> must be an integer (this is because  <math>\sqrt{y} - \sqrt{x} = 2</math>, an integer). Then <math>\sqrt{x} = 997</math>, and we continue this downward until <math>\sqrt{y} = 3</math>, in which case <math>\sqrt{x} = 1</math>. The number of pairs of <math>(\sqrt{x},\sqrt{y})</math>, and so <math>(x,y)</math> is, then, <math>999 - 3 + 1 = \boxed{997}</math>.
+
=== Solution 2 ===
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Let <math>a^2</math> = <math>x</math> and <math>b^2</math> = <math>y</math>, where <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are positive.
 +
 
 +
Then <cmath>\frac{a^2 + b^2}{2} = \sqrt{{a^2}{b^2}} +2</cmath>
 +
<cmath>a^2 + b^2 = 2ab + 4</cmath>
 +
<cmath>(a-b)^2 = 4</cmath>
 +
<cmath>(a-b) = \pm 2</cmath>
 +
 
 +
This makes counting a lot easier since now we just have to find all pairs <math>(a,b)</math> that differ by 2.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Because <math>\sqrt{10^6} = 10^3</math>, then we can use all positive integers less than 1000 for <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
We know that because <math>x < y</math>, we get <math>a < b</math>.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
We can count even and odd pairs separately to make things easier*:
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Odd: <cmath>(1,3) , (3,5) , (5,7)  .  .  .  (997,999)</cmath>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Even: <cmath>(2,4) , (4,6) , (6,8)  .  .  .  (996,998)</cmath>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
This makes 499 odd pairs and 498 even pairs, for a total of <math>\boxed{997}</math> pairs.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<math>*</math>Note: We are counting the pairs for the values of <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, which, when squared, translate to the pairs of <math>(x,y)</math> we are trying to find.
 +
 
 +
=== Solution 3 ===
 +
Since the arithmetic mean is 2 more than the geometric mean, <math>\frac{x+y}{2} = 2 + \sqrt{xy}</math>. We can multiply by 2 to get <math>x + y = 4 + 2\sqrt{xy}</math>. Subtracting 4 and squaring gives
 +
<cmath>((x+y)-4)^2 = 4xy</cmath>
 +
<cmath>((x^2 + 2xy + y^2) + 16 - 2(4)(x+y)) = 4xy</cmath>
 +
<cmath>x^2 - 2xy + y^2 + 16 - 8x - 8y = 0</cmath>
 +
 
 +
Notice that <math>((x-y)-4)^2 = x^2 - 2xy + y^2 + 16 - 8x +8y</math>, so the problem asks for solutions of
 +
<cmath>(x-y-4)^2 = 16y</cmath>
 +
Since the left hand side is a perfect square, and 16 is a perfect square, <math>y</math> must also be a perfect square. Since <math>0 < y < (1000)^2</math>, <math>y</math> must be from <math>1^2</math> to <math>999^2</math>, giving at most 999 options for <math>y</math>.
 +
 
 +
However if <math>y = 1^2</math>, you get <math>(x-5)^2 = 16</math>, which has solutions <math>x = 9</math> and <math>x = 1</math>. Both of those solutions are not less than <math>y</math>, so <math>y</math> cannot be equal to 1. If <math>y = 2^2 = 4</math>, you get <math>(x - 8)^2 = 64</math>, which has 2 solutions, <math>x = 16</math>, and <math>x = 0</math>. 16 is not less than 4, and <math>x</math> cannot be 0, so <math>y</math> cannot be 4. However, for all other <math>y</math>, you get exactly 1 solution for <math>x</math>, and that gives a total of <math>999 - 2 = \boxed{997}</math> pairs.
 +
 
 +
- asbodke
 +
 
 +
 
 +
=== Solution 4 (Similar to Solution 3) ===
 +
Rearranging our conditions to
 +
 
 +
<cmath>x^2-2xy+y^2+16-8x-8y=0 \implies</cmath>
 +
<cmath>(y-x)^2=8(x+y-2).</cmath>
 +
 
 +
Thus, <math>4|y-x.</math>
 +
 
 +
Now, let <math>y = 4k+x.</math> Plugging this back into our expression, we get
 +
 
 +
<cmath>(k-1)^2=x-1.</cmath>
 +
 
 +
There, a unique value of <math>x, y</math> is formed for every value of <math>k</math>. However, we must have
 +
 
 +
<cmath>y<10^6 \implies (k+1)^2< 10^6-1</cmath>
 +
 
 +
and
 +
 
 +
<cmath>x=(k-1)^2+1>0.</cmath>
 +
 
 +
Therefore, there are only <math>997</math> pairs of <math>(x,y).</math>
 +
 
 +
Solution by Williamgolly
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
 
{{AIME box|year=2000|n=I|num-b=5|num-a=7}}
 
{{AIME box|year=2000|n=I|num-b=5|num-a=7}}
 +
 +
[[Category:Intermediate Algebra Problems]]
 +
{{MAA Notice}}

Revision as of 18:25, 7 March 2021

Problem

For how many ordered pairs $(x,y)$ of integers is it true that $0 < x < y < 10^6$ and that the arithmetic mean of $x$ and $y$ is exactly $2$ more than the geometric mean of $x$ and $y$?

Solutions

Solution 1

\begin{eqnarray*} \frac{x+y}{2} &=& \sqrt{xy} + 2\\ x+y-4 &=& 2\sqrt{xy}\\ y - 2\sqrt{xy} + x &=& 4\\ \sqrt{y} - \sqrt{x} &=& \pm 2\end{eqnarray*}

Because $y > x$, we only consider $+2$.

For simplicity, we can count how many valid pairs of $(\sqrt{x},\sqrt{y})$ that satisfy our equation.

The maximum that $\sqrt{y}$ can be is $\sqrt{10^6} - 1 = 999$ because $\sqrt{y}$ must be an integer (this is because $\sqrt{y} - \sqrt{x} = 2$, an integer). Then $\sqrt{x} = 997$, and we continue this downward until $\sqrt{y} = 3$, in which case $\sqrt{x} = 1$. The number of pairs of $(\sqrt{x},\sqrt{y})$, and so $(x,y)$ is then $\boxed{997}$.

Solution 2

Let $a^2$ = $x$ and $b^2$ = $y$, where $a$ and $b$ are positive.

Then \[\frac{a^2 + b^2}{2} = \sqrt{{a^2}{b^2}} +2\] \[a^2 + b^2 = 2ab + 4\] \[(a-b)^2 = 4\] \[(a-b) = \pm 2\]

This makes counting a lot easier since now we just have to find all pairs $(a,b)$ that differ by 2.


Because $\sqrt{10^6} = 10^3$, then we can use all positive integers less than 1000 for $a$ and $b$.


We know that because $x < y$, we get $a < b$.


We can count even and odd pairs separately to make things easier*:


Odd: \[(1,3) , (3,5) , (5,7)  .  .  .  (997,999)\]


Even: \[(2,4) , (4,6) , (6,8)  .  .  .  (996,998)\]


This makes 499 odd pairs and 498 even pairs, for a total of $\boxed{997}$ pairs.


$*$Note: We are counting the pairs for the values of $a$ and $b$, which, when squared, translate to the pairs of $(x,y)$ we are trying to find.

Solution 3

Since the arithmetic mean is 2 more than the geometric mean, $\frac{x+y}{2} = 2 + \sqrt{xy}$. We can multiply by 2 to get $x + y = 4 + 2\sqrt{xy}$. Subtracting 4 and squaring gives \[((x+y)-4)^2 = 4xy\] \[((x^2 + 2xy + y^2) + 16 - 2(4)(x+y)) = 4xy\] \[x^2 - 2xy + y^2 + 16 - 8x - 8y = 0\]

Notice that $((x-y)-4)^2 = x^2 - 2xy + y^2 + 16 - 8x +8y$, so the problem asks for solutions of \[(x-y-4)^2 = 16y\] Since the left hand side is a perfect square, and 16 is a perfect square, $y$ must also be a perfect square. Since $0 < y < (1000)^2$, $y$ must be from $1^2$ to $999^2$, giving at most 999 options for $y$.

However if $y = 1^2$, you get $(x-5)^2 = 16$, which has solutions $x = 9$ and $x = 1$. Both of those solutions are not less than $y$, so $y$ cannot be equal to 1. If $y = 2^2 = 4$, you get $(x - 8)^2 = 64$, which has 2 solutions, $x = 16$, and $x = 0$. 16 is not less than 4, and $x$ cannot be 0, so $y$ cannot be 4. However, for all other $y$, you get exactly 1 solution for $x$, and that gives a total of $999 - 2 = \boxed{997}$ pairs.

- asbodke


Solution 4 (Similar to Solution 3)

Rearranging our conditions to

\[x^2-2xy+y^2+16-8x-8y=0 \implies\] \[(y-x)^2=8(x+y-2).\]

Thus, $4|y-x.$

Now, let $y = 4k+x.$ Plugging this back into our expression, we get

\[(k-1)^2=x-1.\]

There, a unique value of $x, y$ is formed for every value of $k$. However, we must have

\[y<10^6 \implies (k+1)^2< 10^6-1\]

and

\[x=(k-1)^2+1>0.\]

Therefore, there are only $997$ pairs of $(x,y).$

Solution by Williamgolly

See also

2000 AIME I (ProblemsAnswer KeyResources)
Preceded by
Problem 5
Followed by
Problem 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions. AMC logo.png