# Difference between revisions of "2000 AMC 12 Problems/Problem 8"

The following problem is from both the 2000 AMC 12 #8 and 2000 AMC 10 #12, so both problems redirect to this page.

## Problem

Figures $0$, $1$, $2$, and $3$ consist of $1$, $5$, $13$, and $25$ nonoverlapping unit squares, respectively. If the pattern were continued, how many nonoverlapping unit squares would there be in figure 100?

$[asy] unitsize(8); draw((0,0)--(1,0)--(1,1)--(0,1)--cycle); draw((9,0)--(10,0)--(10,3)--(9,3)--cycle); draw((8,1)--(11,1)--(11,2)--(8,2)--cycle); draw((19,0)--(20,0)--(20,5)--(19,5)--cycle); draw((18,1)--(21,1)--(21,4)--(18,4)--cycle); draw((17,2)--(22,2)--(22,3)--(17,3)--cycle); draw((32,0)--(33,0)--(33,7)--(32,7)--cycle); draw((29,3)--(36,3)--(36,4)--(29,4)--cycle); draw((31,1)--(34,1)--(34,6)--(31,6)--cycle); draw((30,2)--(35,2)--(35,5)--(30,5)--cycle); label("Figure",(0.5,-1),S); label("0",(0.5,-2.5),S); label("Figure",(9.5,-1),S); label("1",(9.5,-2.5),S); label("Figure",(19.5,-1),S); label("2",(19.5,-2.5),S); label("Figure",(32.5,-1),S); label("3",(32.5,-2.5),S); [/asy]$

$\mathrm{(A)}\ 10401 \qquad\mathrm{(B)}\ 19801 \qquad\mathrm{(C)}\ 20201 \qquad\mathrm{(D)}\ 39801 \qquad\mathrm{(E)}\ 40801$

## Solution 1

We can divide up figure $n$ to get the sum of the sum of the first $n+1$ odd numbers and the sum of the first $n$ odd numbers. If you do not see this, here is the example for $n=3$:

$[asy] draw((3,0)--(4,0)--(4,7)--(3,7)--cycle); draw((0,3)--(7,3)--(7,4)--(0,4)--cycle); draw((2,1)--(5,1)--(5,6)--(2,6)--cycle); draw((1,2)--(6,2)--(6,5)--(1,5)--cycle); draw((3,0)--(3,7)); [/asy]$

The sum of the first $n$ odd numbers is $n^2$, so for figure $n$, there are $(n+1)^2+n^2$ unit squares. We plug in $n=100$ to get $\boxed{\textbf{(C) }20201}$.

## Solution 2

Using the recursion from solution 1, we see that the first differences of $4, 8, 12, ...$ form an arithmetic progression, and consequently that the second differences are constant and all equal to $4$. Thus, the original sequence can be generated from a quadratic function.

If $f(n) = an^2 + bn + c$, and $f(0) = 1$, $f(1) = 5$, and $f(2) = 13$, we get a system of three equations in three variables:

$f(0) = 1$ gives $c = 1$

$f(1) = 5$ gives $a + b + c = 5$

$f(2) = 13$ gives $4a + 2b + c = 13$

Plugging in $c=1$ into the last two equations gives

$a + b = 4$

$4a + 2b = 12$

Dividing the second equation by 2 gives the system:

$a + b = 4$

$2a + b = 6$

Subtracting the first equation from the second gives $a = 2$, and hence $b = 2$. Thus, our quadratic function is:

$f(n) = 2n^2 + 2n + 1$

Calculating the answer to our problem, $f(100) = 20000 + 200 + 1 = 20201$, which is choice $\boxed{\textbf{(C) }20201}$.

## Solution 3

We can see that each figure $n$ has a central box and 4 columns of $n$ boxes on each side of each square. Therefore, at figure 100, there is a central box with 100 boxes on the top, right, left, and bottom. Knowing that each quarter of each figure has a pyramid structure, we know that for each quarter there are $\sum_{n=1}^{100} n = 5050$ squares. $4 \cdot 5050 = 20200$. Adding in the original center box we have $20200 + 1 = \boxed{\textbf{(C) }20201}$.

## Solution 4

Let $a_n$ be the number of squares in figure $n$. We can easily see that $$a_0=4\cdot 0+1$$ $$a_1=4\cdot 1+1$$ $$a_2=4\cdot 3+1$$ $$a_3=4\cdot 6+1.$$ Note that in $a_n$, the number multiplied by the 4 is the $n$th triangular number. Hence, $a_{100}=4\cdot \frac{100\cdot 101}{2}+1=\boxed{\textbf{(C) }20201}$. ~qkddud~

## Solution 5

Let $f_n$ denote the number of unit cubes in a figure. We have $$f_0=1$$ $$f_1=5$$ $$f_2=13$$ $$f_3=25$$ $$f_4=41$$ $$...$$

Computing the difference between the number of cubes in each figure yields $$4,8,12,16,...$$ It is easy to notice that this is an arithmetic sequence, with the first term being $4$ and the difference being $4$. Let this sequence be $a_n$

From $f_0$ to $f_{100}$, the sequence will have $100$ terms. Using the arithmetic sum formula yields

$$S_{100}=\frac{100[2\cdot 4+(100-1)4]}{2}$$ $$=50(2\cdot 4+99\cdot 4)$$ $$=50(101\cdot 4)$$ $$=200\cdot 101$$ $$=20200$$

So $f_{100}=1+20200=\boxed{\textbf{(C) }20201}$ unit cubes.

~ljlbox

## Solution 6(Newton's Forward Differences)

We know that 1 and 5 differ by 4, 5 and 13 differ by 8, and 13 and 25 differ by 12. Hence the differences are 4, 8, and 12, resp. And the differences of the differences area all 4. So by Newton's Forward Difference Formula, we get the 100th figure is(because Figure 0 exists) $\dbinom{101-1}{0}+4\dbinom{101-1}{1}+4\dbinom{101-1}{2}=20201$ or $\textbf{(C)}$ -vsamc

## See Also

 2000 AMC 12 (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) Preceded byProblem 7 Followed byProblem 9 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions
 2000 AMC 10 (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) Preceded byProblem 11 Followed byProblem 13 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions

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