Art of Problem Solving
AoPS Online
Math texts, online classes, and more
for students in grades 5-12.
Visit AoPS Online ‚
Books for Grades 5-12 Online Courses
Beast Academy
Engaging math books and online learning
for students ages 6-13.
Visit Beast Academy ‚
Books for Ages 6-13 Beast Academy Online
AoPS Academy
Small live classes for advanced math
and language arts learners in grades 2-12.
Visit AoPS Academy ‚
Find a Physical Campus Visit the Virtual Campus

Difference between revisions of "2005 AIME II Problems/Problem 13"

(→‎Solution)
 
(14 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown)
Line 5: Line 5:
 
== Solution ==
 
== Solution ==
  
−
Define the [[polynomial]] <math>Q(x) = P(x) - x + 7</math>. By the givens, <math>Q(17) = 10 - 17 + 7 = 0</math>, <math>Q(24) = 17 - 24 + 7 = 0</math>, <math>Q(n_1) = n_1 + 3 - n_1 + 7 = 10</math> and <math>Q(n_2) = n_2 + 3 - n_2 + 7 = 10</math>. Note that for any polynomial <math>P(x)</math> with [[integer]] [[coefficient]]s and any integers <math>a, b</math> we have <math>a - b</math> [[divisor|divides]] <math>P(a)-P(b)</math>.  So <math>n_1 - 17</math> divides <math>Q(n_1) - Q(17) = 10</math>, and so <math>n_1 - 17</math> must be one of the eight numbers <math>\pm1, \pm2, \pm5, \pm10</math> and so <math>n_1</math> must be one of the numbers <math>7, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22</math> or <math>27</math>. Similarly, <math>n_1 - 24</math> must divide <math>Q(n_1) - Q(24) = 10</math>, so <math>n_1</math> must be one of the eight numbers <math>14, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29</math> or <math>34</math>. Thus, <math>n_1</math> must be either 19 or 22.  Since <math>n_2</math> obeys the same conditions and <math>n_1</math> and <math>n_2</math> are different, one of them is 19 and the other is 22 and their product is <math>19 \cdot 22 = \boxed{418}</math>.
+
We define <math>Q(x)=P(x)-x+7</math>, noting that it has roots at <math>17</math> and <math>24</math>. Hence <math>P(x)-x+7=A(x-17)(x-24)</math>. In particular, this means that
 +
<math>P(x)-x-3=A(x-17)(x-24)-10</math>. Therefore, <math>x=n_1,n_2</math> satisfy <math>A(x-17)(x-24)=10</math>, where <math>A</math>, <math>(x-17)</math>, and <math>(x-24)</math> are integers. This cannot occur if <math>x\le 17</math> or <math>x\ge 24</math> because the product <math>(x-17)(x-24)</math> will either be too large or not be a divisor of <math>10</math>. We find that <math>x=19</math> and <math>x=22</math> are the only values that allow <math>(x-17)(x-24)</math> to be a factor of <math>10</math>.  Hence the answer is <math>19\cdot 22=\boxed{418}</math>.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Solution 2==
 +
 
 +
We know that <math>P(n)-(n+3)=0</math> so <math>P(n)</math> has two distinct solutions so <math>P(x)</math> is at least quadratic. Let us first try this problem out as if <math>P(x)</math> is a quadratic polynomial. Thus <math>P(n)-(n+3)= an^2+(b-1)n+(c-3)=0</math> because <math>P(n)=an^2+bn+c</math> where <math>a,b,c</math> are all integers. Thus <math>P(x)=ax^2+bx+c</math> where <math>a,b,c</math> are all integers. We know that <math>P(17)</math> or <math>289a+17b+c=10</math> and <math>P(24)</math> or <math>576a+24b+c=17</math>. By doing <math>P(24)-P(17)</math> we obtain that <math>287a+7b=7</math> or <math>41a+b=1</math> or <math>-41a=b-1</math>. Thus <math>P(n)=an^2- (41a)n+(c-3)=0</math>.  Now we know that <math>b=-41a+1</math>, we have <math>289a+17(-41a+1)+c=10</math> or <math>408a=7+c</math> which makes <math>408a-10=c-3</math>. Thus <math>P(n)=an^2-(41a)n+(408a-10)=0</math>. By Vieta's formulas, we know that the sum of the roots(<math>n</math>) is equal to 41 and the product of the roots(<math>n</math>) is equal to <math>408-\frac{10}{a}</math>. Because the roots are integers <math>\frac{10}{a}</math> has to be an integer, so <math>a=1,2,5,10,-1,-2,-5,-10</math>. Thus the product of the roots is equal to one of the following: <math>398,403,406,407,409,410,413,418</math>. Testing every potential product of the roots, we find out that the only product that can have divisors that sum up to <math>41</math> is <math>\boxed{418}</math>.
 +
 
 +
-David Camacho
 +
 
 +
==Solution 3==
 +
We have <math>P(n_1) = n_1+3</math>. Using the property that <math>a - b \mid P(a) - P(b)</math> whenever <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are distinct integers, we get <cmath>n_1 - 17 \mid P(n_1) - P(17) = (n_1+3) - 10 = n_1 - 7,</cmath>and <cmath>n_1 - 24 \mid P(n_1) - P(24) = (n_1+3)-17=n_1-14.</cmath>Since <math>n_1 - 7 = 10 + (n_1-17)</math> and <math>n_1-14 = 10 + (n_1-24)</math>, we must have <cmath>n_1 - 17 \mid 10 \; \text{and} \; n_1-24 \mid 10.</cmath>We look for two divisors of <math>10</math> that differ by <math>7</math>; we find that <math>\{2, -5\}</math> and <math>\{5, -2\}</math> satisfies these conditions. Therefore, either <math>n_1 - 24 = -5</math>, giving <math>n_1 = 19</math>, or <math>n_1 - 24 = -2</math>, giving <math>n_1 = 22</math>. From this, we conclude that <math>n_1, n_2 = \boxed{19, 22}</math> and that <math>n_1\cdot n_2=\boxed{418}</math>.
 +
 
 +
~ Alcumus (Solution)
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 14:55, 12 August 2019

Problem

Let $P(x)$ be a polynomial with integer coefficients that satisfies $P(17)=10$ and $P(24)=17.$ Given that $P(n)=n+3$ has two distinct integer solutions $n_1$ and $n_2,$ find the product $n_1\cdot n_2.$

Solution

We define $Q(x)=P(x)-x+7$, noting that it has roots at $17$ and $24$. Hence $P(x)-x+7=A(x-17)(x-24)$. In particular, this means that $P(x)-x-3=A(x-17)(x-24)-10$. Therefore, $x=n_1,n_2$ satisfy $A(x-17)(x-24)=10$, where $A$, $(x-17)$, and $(x-24)$ are integers. This cannot occur if $x\le 17$ or $x\ge 24$ because the product $(x-17)(x-24)$ will either be too large or not be a divisor of $10$. We find that $x=19$ and $x=22$ are the only values that allow $(x-17)(x-24)$ to be a factor of $10$. Hence the answer is $19\cdot 22=\boxed{418}$.


Solution 2

We know that $P(n)-(n+3)=0$ so $P(n)$ has two distinct solutions so $P(x)$ is at least quadratic. Let us first try this problem out as if $P(x)$ is a quadratic polynomial. Thus $P(n)-(n+3)= an^2+(b-1)n+(c-3)=0$ because $P(n)=an^2+bn+c$ where $a,b,c$ are all integers. Thus $P(x)=ax^2+bx+c$ where $a,b,c$ are all integers. We know that $P(17)$ or $289a+17b+c=10$ and $P(24)$ or $576a+24b+c=17$. By doing $P(24)-P(17)$ we obtain that $287a+7b=7$ or $41a+b=1$ or $-41a=b-1$. Thus $P(n)=an^2- (41a)n+(c-3)=0$. Now we know that $b=-41a+1$, we have $289a+17(-41a+1)+c=10$ or $408a=7+c$ which makes $408a-10=c-3$. Thus $P(n)=an^2-(41a)n+(408a-10)=0$. By Vieta's formulas, we know that the sum of the roots($n$) is equal to 41 and the product of the roots($n$) is equal to $408-\frac{10}{a}$. Because the roots are integers $\frac{10}{a}$ has to be an integer, so $a=1,2,5,10,-1,-2,-5,-10$. Thus the product of the roots is equal to one of the following: $398,403,406,407,409,410,413,418$. Testing every potential product of the roots, we find out that the only product that can have divisors that sum up to $41$ is $\boxed{418}$.

-David Camacho

Solution 3

We have $P(n_1) = n_1+3$. Using the property that $a - b \mid P(a) - P(b)$ whenever $a$ and $b$ are distinct integers, we get \[n_1 - 17 \mid P(n_1) - P(17) = (n_1+3) - 10 = n_1 - 7,\]and \[n_1 - 24 \mid P(n_1) - P(24) = (n_1+3)-17=n_1-14.\]Since $n_1 - 7 = 10 + (n_1-17)$ and $n_1-14 = 10 + (n_1-24)$, we must have \[n_1 - 17 \mid 10 \; \text{and} \; n_1-24 \mid 10.\]We look for two divisors of $10$ that differ by $7$; we find that $\{2, -5\}$ and $\{5, -2\}$ satisfies these conditions. Therefore, either $n_1 - 24 = -5$, giving $n_1 = 19$, or $n_1 - 24 = -2$, giving $n_1 = 22$. From this, we conclude that $n_1, n_2 = \boxed{19, 22}$ and that $n_1\cdot n_2=\boxed{418}$.

~ Alcumus (Solution)

See also

2005 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 12 		Followed by
Problem 14
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions. AMC logo.png

Retrieved from "https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=2005_AIME_II_Problems/Problem_13&oldid=108798"