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2007 AIME II Problems/Problem 10

Revision as of 20:15, 10 March 2019 by Mp8148 (talk | contribs) (→‎Solution 3)

Problem

Let $S$ be a set with six elements. Let $P$ be the set of all subsets of $S.$ Subsets $A$ and $B$ of $S$, not necessarily distinct, are chosen independently and at random from $P$. The probability that $B$ is contained in at least one of $A$ or $S-A$ is $\frac{m}{n^{r}},$ where $m$, $n$, and $r$ are positive integers, $n$ is prime, and $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime. Find $m+n+r.$ (The set $S-A$ is the set of all elements of $S$ which are not in $A.$)

Solution 1

Use casework:

  • $B$ has 6 elements:
    • Probability: $\frac{1}{2^6} = \frac{1}{64}$
    • $A$ must have either 0 or 6 elements, probability: $\frac{2}{2^6} = \frac{2}{64}$.
  • $B$ has 5 elements:
    • Probability: ${6\choose5}/64 = \frac{6}{64}$
    • $A$ must have either 0, 6, or 1, 5 elements. The total probability is $\frac{2}{64} + \frac{2}{64} = \frac{4}{64}$.
  • $B$ has 4 elements:
    • Probability: ${6\choose4}/64 = \frac{15}{64}$
    • $A$ must have either 0, 6; 1, 5; or 2,4 elements. If there are 1 or 5 elements, the set which contains 5 elements must have four emcompassing $B$ and a fifth element out of the remaining $2$ numbers. The total probability is $\frac{2}{64}\left({2\choose0} + {2\choose1} + {2\choose2}\right) = \frac{2}{64} + \frac{4}{64} + \frac{2}{64} = \frac{8}{64}$.

We could just continue our casework. In general, the probability of picking B with $n$ elements is $\frac{{6\choose n}}{64}$. Since the sum of the elements in the $k$th row of Pascal's Triangle is $2^k$, the probability of obtaining $A$ or $S-A$ which encompasses $B$ is $\frac{2^{7-n}}{64}$. In addition, we must count for when $B$ is the empty set (probability: $\frac{1}{64}$), of which all sets of $A$ will work (probability: $1$).

Thus, the solution we are looking for is $\left(\sum_{i=1}^6 \frac{{6\choose i}}{64} \cdot \frac{2^{7-i}}{64}\right) + \frac{1}{64} \cdot \frac{64}{64}$ $=\frac{(1)(64)+(6)(64)+(15)(32)+(20)(16)+(15)(8)+(6)(4)+(1)(2)}{(64)(64)}$ $=\frac{1394}{2^{12}}$ $=\frac{697}{2^{11}}$.

The answer is $697 + 2 + 11 = 710$.

Solution 2

we need $B$ to be a subset of $A$ or $S-A$ we can divide each element of $S$ into 4 categories:

  • it is in $A$ and $B$
  • it is in $A$ but not in $B$
  • it is not in $A$ but is in $B$
  • or it is not in $A$ and not in $B$

these can be denoted as $+A+B$, $+A-B$,$-A+B$, and $-A-B$

we note that if all of the elements are in $+A+B$, $+A-B$ or $-A-B$ we have that $B$ is a subset of $A$ which can happen in $\dfrac{3^6}{4^6}$ ways

similarly if the elements are in $+A-B$,$-A+B$, or $-A-B$ we have that $B$ is a subset of $S-A$ which can happen in $\dfrac{3^6}{4^6}$ ways as well

but we need to make sure we don't over-count ways that are in both sets these are when $+A-B$ or $-A-B$ which can happen in $\dfrac{2^6}{4^6}$ ways so our probability is $\dfrac{2\cdot 3^6-2^6}{4^6}= \dfrac{3^6-2^5}{2^{11}}=\dfrac{697}{2^{11}}$.

so the final answer is $697 + 2 + 11 = 710$.

Solution 3

$B$ must be in $A$ or $B$ must be in $S-A$. This is equivalent to saying that $B$ must be in $A$ or $B$ is disjoint from $A$. The probability of this is the sum of the probabilities of each event individually minus the probability of each event occurring simultaneously. There are 6C$x$ ways to choose $A$, where $x$ is the number of elements in $A$. From those $x$ elements, there are ${2^x}$ ways to choose $B$. Thus, the probability that $B$ is in $A$ is the sum of all the values $6Cx({2^x})$ for values of $x$ ranging from $0$ to $6$. For the second probability, the ways to choose $A$ stays the same but the ways to choose $B$ is now ${2^[6-x]}$. We see that these two summations are simply from the Binomial Theorem and that each of them is ${(2+1)^6}$. We subtract the case where both of them are true. This only happens when $B$ is the null set. $A$ can be any subset of $S$, so there are ${2^6}$ possibilities. Our final sum of possibilities is $2\cdot 3^6-2^6$. We have ${2^6}$ total possibilities for both $A$ and $B$, so there are ${2^{12}}$ total possibilities. $\dfrac{2\cdot 3^6-2^6}{4^6}= \dfrac{3^6-2^5}{2^{11}}=\dfrac{697}{2^{11}}$. This reduces down to $\dfrac{2\cdot 3^6-2^6}{4^6}= \dfrac{3^6-2^5}{2^{11}}=\dfrac{697}{2^{11}}$. The answer is thus $697 + 2 + 11 = 710$.

Solution 4

Let $|S|$ denote the number of elements in a general set $S$. We use complementary counting.

There is a total of $2^6$ elements in $P$, so the total number of ways to choose $A$ and $B$ is $(2^6)^2 = 2^{12}$.

Note that the number of $x$-element subset of $S$ is $\binom{6}{x}$. In general, for $0 \le |A| \le 6$, in order for $B$ to be in neither $A$ nor $S-A$, $B$ must have at least one element from both $A$ and $S-A$. In other words, $B$ must contain any subset of $A$ and $S-A$ except for the empty set $\{\}$. This can be done in $\binom{6}{|A|} (2^{|A|} - 1)(2^{6-|A|} - 1)$ ways. As $|A|$ ranges from $0$ to $6$, we can calculate the total number of unsuccessful outcomes to be \[\sum_{|A| = 0}^{6} \binom{6}{|A|} (2^{|A|} - 1)(2^{6-|A|} - 1) = 2702.\] So our desired answer is \[1 - \dfrac{2702}{2^{12}} = \dfrac{697}{2^{11}} \Rightarrow \boxed{703}.\]

-MP8148

See also

2007 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 9 		Followed by
Problem 11
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

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