Difference between revisions of "2015 AIME I Problems/Problem 13"

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With all angles measured in degrees, the product <math>\prod_{k=1}^{45} \csc^2(2k-1)^\circ=m^n</math>, where <math>m</math> and <math>n</math> are integers greater than 1. Find <math>m+n</math>.
 
With all angles measured in degrees, the product <math>\prod_{k=1}^{45} \csc^2(2k-1)^\circ=m^n</math>, where <math>m</math> and <math>n</math> are integers greater than 1. Find <math>m+n</math>.
  
==Solution 1==
+
==Solution==
 +
===Solution 1===
 
Let <math>x = \cos 1^\circ + i \sin 1^\circ</math>. Then from the identity
 
Let <math>x = \cos 1^\circ + i \sin 1^\circ</math>. Then from the identity
<cmath>\sin x = \frac{x - \frac{1}{x}}{2i} = \frac{x^2 - 1}{2 i x},</cmath>
+
<cmath>\sin 1 = \frac{x - \frac{1}{x}}{2i} = \frac{x^2 - 1}{2 i x},</cmath>
 
we deduce that (taking absolute values and noticing <math>|x| = 1</math>)
 
we deduce that (taking absolute values and noticing <math>|x| = 1</math>)
<cmath>|2\sin x| = |x^2 - 1|.</cmath>
+
<cmath>|2\sin 1| = |x^2 - 1|.</cmath>
 
But because <math>\csc</math> is the reciprocal of <math>\sin</math> and because <math>\sin z = \sin (180^\circ - z)</math>, if we let our product be <math>M</math> then
 
But because <math>\csc</math> is the reciprocal of <math>\sin</math> and because <math>\sin z = \sin (180^\circ - z)</math>, if we let our product be <math>M</math> then
 
<cmath>\frac{1}{M} = \sin 1^\circ \sin 3^\circ \sin 5^\circ \dots \sin 177^\circ \sin 179^\circ</cmath>
 
<cmath>\frac{1}{M} = \sin 1^\circ \sin 3^\circ \sin 5^\circ \dots \sin 177^\circ \sin 179^\circ</cmath>
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It is easy to see that <math>M = 2^{89}</math> and that our answer is <math>2 + 89 = \boxed{91}</math>.
 
It is easy to see that <math>M = 2^{89}</math> and that our answer is <math>2 + 89 = \boxed{91}</math>.
  
==Solution 2==
+
===Solution 2===
 
Let <math>p=\sin1\sin3\sin5...\sin89</math>
 
Let <math>p=\sin1\sin3\sin5...\sin89</math>
  
<cmath>=\sqrt{\sin1\sin3\sin5...\sin177\sin179}</cmath>
+
<cmath>p=\sqrt{\sin1\sin3\sin5...\sin177\sin179}</cmath>
  
 
<cmath>=\sqrt{\frac{\sin1\sin2\sin3\sin4...\sin177\sin178\sin179}{\sin2\sin4\sin6\sin8...\sin176\sin178}}</cmath>
 
<cmath>=\sqrt{\frac{\sin1\sin2\sin3\sin4...\sin177\sin178\sin179}{\sin2\sin4\sin6\sin8...\sin176\sin178}}</cmath>
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we want <math>\frac{1}{p^2}=2^{89}</math>
 
we want <math>\frac{1}{p^2}=2^{89}</math>
  
Thus the answer is <math>2+89=091</math>
+
Thus the answer is <math>2+89=\boxed{091}</math>
 +
 
 +
=== Solution 3 ===
 +
Similar to Solution <math>2</math>, so we use <math>\sin{2\theta}=2\sin\theta\cos\theta</math> and we find that:
 +
<cmath>\begin{align*}\sin(4)\sin(8)\sin(12)\sin(16)\cdots\sin(84)\sin(88)&=(2\sin(2)\cos(2))(2\sin(4)\cos(4))(2\sin(6)\cos(6))(2\sin(8)\cos(8))\cdots(2\sin(42)\cos(42))(2\sin(44)\cos(44))\\
 +
&=(2\sin(2)\sin(88))(2\sin(4))\sin(86))(2\sin(6)\sin(84))(2\sin(8)\sin(82))\cdots(2\sin(42)\sin(48))(2\sin(44)\sin(46))\\
 +
&=2^{22}(\sin(2)\sin(88)\sin(4)\sin(86)\sin(6)\sin(84)\sin(8)\sin(82)\cdots\sin(42)\sin(48)\sin(44)\sin(46))\\
 +
&=2^{22}(\sin(2)\sin(4)\sin(6)\sin(8)\cdots\sin(82)\sin(84)\sin(86)\sin(88))\end{align*}</cmath>
 +
Now we can cancel the sines of the multiples of <math>4</math>:
 +
<cmath>1=2^{22}(\sin(2)\sin(6)\sin(10)\sin(14)\cdots\sin(82)\sin(86))</cmath>
 +
So <math>\sin(2)\sin(6)\sin(10)\sin(14)\cdots\sin(82)\sin(86)=2^{-22}</math> and we can apply the double-angle formula again:
 +
<cmath>\begin{align*}2^{-22}&=(\sin(2)\sin(6)\sin(10)\sin(14)\cdots\sin(82)\sin(86)\\
 +
&=(2\sin(1)\cos(1))(2\sin(3)\cos(3))(2\sin(5)\cos(5))(2\sin(7)\cos(7))\cdots(2\sin(41)\cos(41))(2\sin(43)\cos(43))\\
 +
&=(2\sin(1)\sin(89))(2\sin(3)\sin(87))(2\sin(5)\sin(85))(2\sin(7)\sin(87))\cdots(2\sin(41)\sin(49))(2\sin(43)\sin(47))\\
 +
&=2^{22}(\sin(1)\sin(89)\sin(3)\sin(87)\sin(5)\sin(85)\sin(7)\sin(83)\cdots\sin(41)\sin(49)\sin(43)\sin(47))\\
 +
&=2^{22}(\sin(1)\sin(3)\sin(5)\sin(7)\cdots\sin(41)\sin(43))(\sin(47)\sin(49)\cdots\sin(83)\sin(85)\sin(87)\sin(89))\end{align*}</cmath>
 +
Of course, <math>\sin(45)=2^{-\frac{1}{2}}</math> is missing, so we multiply it to both sides:
 +
<cmath>2^{-22}\sin(45)=2^{22}(\sin(1)\sin(3)\sin(5)\sin(7)\cdots\sin(41)\sin(43))(\sin(45))(\sin(47)\sin(49)\cdots\sin(83)\sin(85)\sin(87)\sin(89))</cmath>
 +
<cmath>\left(2^{-22}\right)\left(2^{-\frac{1}{2}}\right)=2^{22}(\sin(1)\sin(3)\sin(5)\sin(7)\cdots\sin(83)\sin(85)\sin(87)\sin(89))</cmath>
 +
<cmath>2^{-\frac{45}{2}}=2^{22}(\sin(1)\sin(3)\sin(5)\sin(7)\cdots\sin(83)\sin(85)\sin(87)\sin(89))</cmath>
 +
Now isolate the product of the sines:
 +
<cmath>\sin(1)\sin(3)\sin(5)\sin(7)\cdots\sin(83)\sin(85)\sin(87)\sin(89)=2^{-\frac{89}{2}}</cmath>
 +
And the product of the squares of the cosecants as asked for by the problem is the square of the inverse of this number:
 +
<cmath>\csc^2(1)\csc^2(3)\csc^2(5)\csc^2(7)\cdots\csc^2(83)\csc^2(85)\csc^2(87)\csc^2(89)=\left(\frac{1}{2^{-\frac{89}{2}}}\right)^2=\left(2^{\frac{89}{2}}\right)^2=2^{89}</cmath>
 +
The answer is therefore <math>m+n=(2)+(89)=\boxed{091}</math>.
 +
 
 +
===Solution 4===
 +
Let <math>p=\prod_{k=1}^{45} \csc^2(2k-1)^\circ</math>.
 +
 
 +
Then, <math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{p}}=\prod_{k=1}^{45} \sin(2k-1)^\circ</math>.
 +
 
 +
Since <math>\sin\theta=\cos(90^{\circ}-\theta)</math>, we can multiply both sides by <math>\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}</math> to get <math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2p}}=\prod_{k=1}^{23} \sin(2k-1)^\circ\cos(2k-1)^\circ</math>.
 +
 
 +
Using the double-angle identity <math>\sin2\theta=2\sin\theta\cos\theta</math>, we get <math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2p}}=\frac{1}{2^{23}}\prod_{k=1}^{23} \sin(4k-2)^\circ</math>.
 +
 
 +
Note that the right-hand side is equal to <math>\frac{1}{2^{23}}\prod_{k=1}^{45} \sin(2k)^\circ\div \prod_{k=1}^{22} \sin(4k)^\circ</math>, which is equal to <math>\frac{1}{2^{23}}\prod_{k=1}^{45} \sin(2k)^\circ\div \prod_{k=1}^{22} 2\sin(2k)^\circ\cos(2k)^\circ</math>, again, from using our double-angle identity.
 +
 
 +
Putting this back into our equation and simplifying gives us <math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2p}}=\frac{1}{2^{45}}\prod_{k=23}^{45} \sin(2k)^\circ\div \prod_{k=1}^{22} \cos(2k)^\circ</math>.
 +
 
 +
Using the fact that <math>\sin\theta=\cos(90^{\circ}-\theta)</math> again, our equation simplifies to <math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2p}}=\frac{\sin90^\circ}{2^{45}}</math>, and since <math>\sin90^\circ=1</math>, it follows that <math>2p = 2^{90}</math>, which implies <math>p=2^{89}</math>. Thus, <math>m+n=2+89=\boxed{091}</math>.
 +
===Solution 5===
 +
Once we have the tools of complex polynomials there is no need to use the tactical tricks. Everything is so basic (I think).
 +
 
 +
Recall that the roots of <math>x^n+1</math> are <math>e^{\frac{(2k-1)\pi i}{n}}, k=1,2,...,n</math>, we have
 +
<cmath> x^n + 1 = \prod_{k=1}^{n}(x-e^{\frac{(2k-1)\pi i}{n}})</cmath>
 +
Let <math>x=1</math>, and take absolute value of both sides, 
 +
<cmath>2 = \prod_{k=1}^{n}|1-e^{\frac{(2k-1)\pi i}{n}}|= 2^n\prod_{k=1}^{n}|\sin\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{2n}| </cmath>
 +
or,
 +
<cmath> \prod_{k=1}^{n}|\sin\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{2n}| = 2^{-(n-1)}</cmath>
 +
Let <math>n</math> be even, then,
 +
<cmath> \sin\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{2n} = \sin\left(\pi - \frac{(2k-1)\pi}{2n}\right) = \sin\left(\frac{(2(n-k+1)-1)\pi}{2n}\right) </cmath>
 +
so,
 +
<cmath> \prod_{k=1}^{n}\left|\sin\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{n}\right| = \prod_{k=1}^{\frac{n}{2}}\sin^2\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{2n}</cmath>
 +
Set <math>n=90</math> and we have
 +
<cmath>\prod_{k=1}^{45}\sin^2\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{180} = 2^{-89}</cmath>,
 +
<cmath>\prod_{k=1}^{45}\csc^2\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{180} = 2^{89}</cmath>
 +
-Mathdummy
 +
 
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==
 
{{AIME box|year=2015|n=I|num-b=12|num-a=14}}
 
{{AIME box|year=2015|n=I|num-b=12|num-a=14}}
 
{{MAA Notice}}
 
{{MAA Notice}}
 +
 +
[[Category:Intermediate Geometry Problems]]

Revision as of 10:47, 18 February 2021

Problem

With all angles measured in degrees, the product $\prod_{k=1}^{45} \csc^2(2k-1)^\circ=m^n$, where $m$ and $n$ are integers greater than 1. Find $m+n$.

Solution

Solution 1

Let $x = \cos 1^\circ + i \sin 1^\circ$. Then from the identity \[\sin 1 = \frac{x - \frac{1}{x}}{2i} = \frac{x^2 - 1}{2 i x},\] we deduce that (taking absolute values and noticing $|x| = 1$) \[|2\sin 1| = |x^2 - 1|.\] But because $\csc$ is the reciprocal of $\sin$ and because $\sin z = \sin (180^\circ - z)$, if we let our product be $M$ then \[\frac{1}{M} = \sin 1^\circ \sin 3^\circ \sin 5^\circ \dots \sin 177^\circ \sin 179^\circ\] \[= \frac{1}{2^{90}} |x^2 - 1| |x^6 - 1| |x^{10} - 1| \dots |x^{354} - 1| |x^{358} - 1|\] because $\sin$ is positive in the first and second quadrants. Now, notice that $x^2, x^6, x^{10}, \dots, x^{358}$ are the roots of $z^{90} + 1 = 0.$ Hence, we can write $(z - x^2)(z - x^6)\dots (z - x^{358}) = z^{90} + 1$, and so \[\frac{1}{M} = \dfrac{1}{2^{90}}|1 - x^2| |1 - x^6| \dots |1 - x^{358}| = \dfrac{1}{2^{90}} |1^{90} + 1| = \dfrac{1}{2^{89}}.\] It is easy to see that $M = 2^{89}$ and that our answer is $2 + 89 = \boxed{91}$.

Solution 2

Let $p=\sin1\sin3\sin5...\sin89$

\[p=\sqrt{\sin1\sin3\sin5...\sin177\sin179}\]

\[=\sqrt{\frac{\sin1\sin2\sin3\sin4...\sin177\sin178\sin179}{\sin2\sin4\sin6\sin8...\sin176\sin178}}\]

\[=\sqrt{\frac{\sin1\sin2\sin3\sin4...\sin177\sin178\sin179}{(2\sin1\cos1)\cdot(2\sin2\cos2)\cdot(2\sin3\cos3)\cdot....\cdot(2\sin89\cos89)}}\]

\[=\sqrt{\frac{1}{2^{89}}\frac{\sin90\sin91\sin92\sin93...\sin177\sin178\sin179}{\cos1\cos2\cos3\cos4...\cos89}}\]

$=\sqrt{\frac{1}{2^{89}}}$ because of the identity $\sin(90+x)=\cos(x)$

we want $\frac{1}{p^2}=2^{89}$

Thus the answer is $2+89=\boxed{091}$

Solution 3

Similar to Solution $2$, so we use $\sin{2\theta}=2\sin\theta\cos\theta$ and we find that: \begin{align*}\sin(4)\sin(8)\sin(12)\sin(16)\cdots\sin(84)\sin(88)&=(2\sin(2)\cos(2))(2\sin(4)\cos(4))(2\sin(6)\cos(6))(2\sin(8)\cos(8))\cdots(2\sin(42)\cos(42))(2\sin(44)\cos(44))\\ &=(2\sin(2)\sin(88))(2\sin(4))\sin(86))(2\sin(6)\sin(84))(2\sin(8)\sin(82))\cdots(2\sin(42)\sin(48))(2\sin(44)\sin(46))\\ &=2^{22}(\sin(2)\sin(88)\sin(4)\sin(86)\sin(6)\sin(84)\sin(8)\sin(82)\cdots\sin(42)\sin(48)\sin(44)\sin(46))\\ &=2^{22}(\sin(2)\sin(4)\sin(6)\sin(8)\cdots\sin(82)\sin(84)\sin(86)\sin(88))\end{align*} Now we can cancel the sines of the multiples of $4$: \[1=2^{22}(\sin(2)\sin(6)\sin(10)\sin(14)\cdots\sin(82)\sin(86))\] So $\sin(2)\sin(6)\sin(10)\sin(14)\cdots\sin(82)\sin(86)=2^{-22}$ and we can apply the double-angle formula again: \begin{align*}2^{-22}&=(\sin(2)\sin(6)\sin(10)\sin(14)\cdots\sin(82)\sin(86)\\ &=(2\sin(1)\cos(1))(2\sin(3)\cos(3))(2\sin(5)\cos(5))(2\sin(7)\cos(7))\cdots(2\sin(41)\cos(41))(2\sin(43)\cos(43))\\ &=(2\sin(1)\sin(89))(2\sin(3)\sin(87))(2\sin(5)\sin(85))(2\sin(7)\sin(87))\cdots(2\sin(41)\sin(49))(2\sin(43)\sin(47))\\ &=2^{22}(\sin(1)\sin(89)\sin(3)\sin(87)\sin(5)\sin(85)\sin(7)\sin(83)\cdots\sin(41)\sin(49)\sin(43)\sin(47))\\ &=2^{22}(\sin(1)\sin(3)\sin(5)\sin(7)\cdots\sin(41)\sin(43))(\sin(47)\sin(49)\cdots\sin(83)\sin(85)\sin(87)\sin(89))\end{align*} Of course, $\sin(45)=2^{-\frac{1}{2}}$ is missing, so we multiply it to both sides: \[2^{-22}\sin(45)=2^{22}(\sin(1)\sin(3)\sin(5)\sin(7)\cdots\sin(41)\sin(43))(\sin(45))(\sin(47)\sin(49)\cdots\sin(83)\sin(85)\sin(87)\sin(89))\] \[\left(2^{-22}\right)\left(2^{-\frac{1}{2}}\right)=2^{22}(\sin(1)\sin(3)\sin(5)\sin(7)\cdots\sin(83)\sin(85)\sin(87)\sin(89))\] \[2^{-\frac{45}{2}}=2^{22}(\sin(1)\sin(3)\sin(5)\sin(7)\cdots\sin(83)\sin(85)\sin(87)\sin(89))\] Now isolate the product of the sines: \[\sin(1)\sin(3)\sin(5)\sin(7)\cdots\sin(83)\sin(85)\sin(87)\sin(89)=2^{-\frac{89}{2}}\] And the product of the squares of the cosecants as asked for by the problem is the square of the inverse of this number: \[\csc^2(1)\csc^2(3)\csc^2(5)\csc^2(7)\cdots\csc^2(83)\csc^2(85)\csc^2(87)\csc^2(89)=\left(\frac{1}{2^{-\frac{89}{2}}}\right)^2=\left(2^{\frac{89}{2}}\right)^2=2^{89}\] The answer is therefore $m+n=(2)+(89)=\boxed{091}$.

Solution 4

Let $p=\prod_{k=1}^{45} \csc^2(2k-1)^\circ$.

Then, $\sqrt{\frac{1}{p}}=\prod_{k=1}^{45} \sin(2k-1)^\circ$.

Since $\sin\theta=\cos(90^{\circ}-\theta)$, we can multiply both sides by $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$ to get $\sqrt{\frac{1}{2p}}=\prod_{k=1}^{23} \sin(2k-1)^\circ\cos(2k-1)^\circ$.

Using the double-angle identity $\sin2\theta=2\sin\theta\cos\theta$, we get $\sqrt{\frac{1}{2p}}=\frac{1}{2^{23}}\prod_{k=1}^{23} \sin(4k-2)^\circ$.

Note that the right-hand side is equal to $\frac{1}{2^{23}}\prod_{k=1}^{45} \sin(2k)^\circ\div \prod_{k=1}^{22} \sin(4k)^\circ$, which is equal to $\frac{1}{2^{23}}\prod_{k=1}^{45} \sin(2k)^\circ\div \prod_{k=1}^{22} 2\sin(2k)^\circ\cos(2k)^\circ$, again, from using our double-angle identity.

Putting this back into our equation and simplifying gives us $\sqrt{\frac{1}{2p}}=\frac{1}{2^{45}}\prod_{k=23}^{45} \sin(2k)^\circ\div \prod_{k=1}^{22} \cos(2k)^\circ$.

Using the fact that $\sin\theta=\cos(90^{\circ}-\theta)$ again, our equation simplifies to $\sqrt{\frac{1}{2p}}=\frac{\sin90^\circ}{2^{45}}$, and since $\sin90^\circ=1$, it follows that $2p = 2^{90}$, which implies $p=2^{89}$. Thus, $m+n=2+89=\boxed{091}$.

Solution 5

Once we have the tools of complex polynomials there is no need to use the tactical tricks. Everything is so basic (I think).

Recall that the roots of $x^n+1$ are $e^{\frac{(2k-1)\pi i}{n}}, k=1,2,...,n$, we have \[x^n + 1 = \prod_{k=1}^{n}(x-e^{\frac{(2k-1)\pi i}{n}})\] Let $x=1$, and take absolute value of both sides, \[2 = \prod_{k=1}^{n}|1-e^{\frac{(2k-1)\pi i}{n}}|= 2^n\prod_{k=1}^{n}|\sin\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{2n}|\] or, \[\prod_{k=1}^{n}|\sin\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{2n}| = 2^{-(n-1)}\] Let $n$ be even, then, \[\sin\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{2n} = \sin\left(\pi - \frac{(2k-1)\pi}{2n}\right) = \sin\left(\frac{(2(n-k+1)-1)\pi}{2n}\right)\] so, \[\prod_{k=1}^{n}\left|\sin\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{n}\right| = \prod_{k=1}^{\frac{n}{2}}\sin^2\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{2n}\] Set $n=90$ and we have \[\prod_{k=1}^{45}\sin^2\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{180} = 2^{-89}\], \[\prod_{k=1}^{45}\csc^2\frac{(2k-1)\pi}{180} = 2^{89}\] -Mathdummy


See Also

2015 AIME I (ProblemsAnswer KeyResources)
Preceded by
Problem 12
Followed by
Problem 14
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