# Difference between revisions of "2017 AMC 10A Problems/Problem 25"

## Problem

How many integers between $100$ and $999$, inclusive, have the property that some permutation of its digits is a multiple of $11$ between $100$ and $999?$ For example, both $121$ and $211$ have this property.

$\mathrm{\textbf{(A)} \ }226\qquad \mathrm{\textbf{(B)} \ } 243 \qquad \mathrm{\textbf{(C)} \ } 270 \qquad \mathrm{\textbf{(D)} \ }469\qquad \mathrm{\textbf{(E)} \ } 486$

## Solution 1

There are 81 multiples of 11. Some have digits repeated twice, making 3 permutations.

Others that have no repeated digits have 6 permutations, but switching the hundreds and units digits also yield a multiple of 11. Therefore, assign 3 permutations to each multiple.

There are now 81*3 = 243 permutations, but we have overcounted*. Some multiples of 11 have a zero, and we must subtract a permutation for each.

There are 110, 220, 330 ... 990, yielding 9 extra permutations

Also, there are 209, 308, 407...902, yielding 8 more permutations.

Now, just subtract these 17 from the total (243), getting 226. $\boxed{\textbf{(A) } 226}$

• Note: If short on time, note that 226 is the only answer choice less than 243, and therefore is the only feasible answer.

## Solution 2

Let the three-digit number be $ACB$:

If a number is divisible by $11$, then the difference between the sums of alternating digits is a multiple of $11$.

There are two cases: $A+B=C$ and $A+B=C+11$

We now proceed to break down the cases. Note: let $A \geq B$ so that we avoid counting the same permutations and having to subtract them later.

$\textbf{Case 1}$: $A+B=C$.

$\textbf{Part 1}$: $B=0, A=C$, this case results in $110, 220, 330...990$. There are two ways to arrange the digits in each of those numbers. $2 \cdot 9 = 18$

$\textbf{Part 2}$: $B=1, A+1=C$, this case results in $121, 231,... 891$. There are $6$ ways to arrange the digits in all of those number except the first, and $3$ ways for the first. This leads to $45$ cases.

$\textbf{Part 3}$: $B=2, A+2=C$, this case results in $242, 352,... 792$. There are $6$ ways to arrange the digits in all of those number except the first, and 3 ways for the first. This leads to $33$ cases.

$\textbf{Part 4}$: $B=3, A+3=C$, this case results in $363, 473,...693$. There are $6$ ways to arrange the digits in all of those number except the first, and 3 ways for the first. This leads to $21$ cases.

$\textbf{Part 5}$: $B=4, A+4=C$, this case results in $484$ and $594$. There are $6$ ways to arrange the digits in 594 and 3 ways for 484. This leads to $9$ cases.

This case has $18+45+33+21+9=126$ subcases.

$\textbf{Case 2}$: $A+B=C+11$.

$\textbf{Part 1}$: $C=0, A+B=11$, this cases results in $209, 308, 407, 506$. There are $4$ ways to arrange each of those cases. This leads to $16$ cases.

$\textbf{Part 2}$: $C=1, A+B=12$, this cases results in $319, 418,517,616$. There are $6$ ways to arrange each of those cases, except the last. This leads to $21$ cases.

$\textbf{Part 3}$: $C=2, A+B=13$, this cases results in $429, 528, 627$. There are $6$ ways to arrange each of those cases. This leads to $18$ cases.

... If we continue this counting, we receive $16+21+18+15+12+9+6+3=100$ subcases.

$100+126=\boxed{\textbf{(A) } 226}$

## Solution 3

We note that we only have to consider multiples of $11$ and see how many valid permutations each has. We can do casework on the number of repeating digits that the multiple of $11$ has:

$\textbf{Case 1:}$ All three digits are the same. By inspection, we find that there are no multiples of $11$ here.

$\textbf{Case 2:}$ Two of the digits are the same, and the third is different.

$\textbf{Case 2a:}$ There are $8$ multiples of $11$ without a zero that have this property: $121$, $242$, $363$, $484$, $616$, $737$, $858$, $979$. Each contributes $3$ valid permutations, so there are $8 \cdot 3 = 24$ permutations in this subcase.

$\textbf{Case 2b:}$ There are $9$ multiples of $11$ with a zero that have this property: $110$, $220$, $330$, $440$, $550$, $660$, $770$, $880$, $990$. Each one contributes $2$ valid permutations (the first digit can't be zero), so there are $9 \cdot 2 = 18$ permutations in this subcase.

$\textbf{Case 3:}$ All the digits are different. Since there are $\frac{990-110}{11}+1 = 81$ multiples of $11$ between $100$ and $999$, there are $81-8-9 = 64$ multiples of $11$ remaining in this case. However, $8$ of them contain a zero, namely $209$, $308$, $407$, $506$, $605$, $704$, $803$, and $902$. Each of those multiples of $11$ contributes $2 \cdot 2=4$ valid permutations, but we overcounted by a factor of $2$; every permutation of $209$, for example, is also a permutation of $902$. Therefore, there are $8 \cdot 4 / 2 = 16$. Therefore, there are $64-8=56$ remaining multiples of $11$ without a $0$ in this case. Each one contributes $3! = 6$ valid permutations, but once again, we overcounted by a factor of $2$ (note that if a number ABC is a multiple of $11$, then so is CBA). Therefore, there are $56 \cdot 6 / 2 = 168$ valid permutations in this subcase.

Adding up all the permutations from all the cases, we have $24+18+16+168 = \boxed{\textbf{(A) } 226}$.

## Solution 4

We can first overcount and then subtract. We know that there are $81$ multiples of $11$.

We can then multiply by $6$ for each permutation of these multiples. (Yet some multiples do not have six distinct permutations.)

Now divide by $2$, because if a number $abc$ with digits $a$, $b$, and $c$ is a multiple of $11$, then $cba$ is also a multiple of $11$ so we have counted the same permutations twice.

Basically, each multiple of $11$ has its own $3$ permutations (say $abc$ has $abc$ $acb$ and $bac$ whereas $cba$ has $cba$ $cab$ and $bca$). We know that each multiple of $11$ has at least $3$ permutations because it cannot have $3$ repeating digits.

Hence we have $243$ permutations without subtracting for overcounting. Now note that we overcounted cases in which we have $0$'s at the start of each number. So, in theory, we could just answer $A$ and then move on.

If we want to solve it, then we continue.

We overcounted cases where the middle digit of the number is $0$ and the last digit is $0$.

Note that we assigned each multiple of $11$ three permutations.

The last digit is $0$ gives $9$ possibilities where we overcounted by $1$ permutation for each of $110, 220, ... , 990$.

The middle digit is $0$ gives $8$ possibilities where we overcount by $1$. $605, 704, 803, 902$ and $506, 407, 308, 209$

Subtracting $17$ gives $\boxed{\textbf{(A) } 226}$.

Now, we may ask if there is further overlap (i.e if two of $abc$ and $bac$ and $acb$ were multiples of $11$). Thankfully, using divisibility rules, this can never happen, as taking the divisibility rule mod $11$ and adding, we get that $2a$, $2b$, or $2c$ is congruent to $0\ (mod\ 11)$. Since $a, b, c$ are digits, this can never happen as none of them can equal $11$ and they can't equal $0$ as they are the leading digit of a three-digit number in each of the cases.

## Solution 5: A Slightly Adjusted Version of Solution 2

$\textbf{WARNING:}$ If you do not feel comfortable looking at a massive amount of casework, please skip the solution.

Recalling the divisibility rule for $11$, if we have a number $ABC$ where $A$, $B$, $C$ are digits, then $11\mid -A+B-C$.

Notice that for any three-digit positive integer $ABC$, $-A+B-C<11$, thus we have 2 possibilities: $-A+B-C=0$ and $-A+B-C=-11$.

$\textbf{Case 1:}$ $-A+B-C=0\Longrightarrow A+C=B$

Subcase $a$: $A\neq B\neq C\neq0$

We have these values for $A+C=B$ $$1+2=3,1+3=4,1+4=5,...,1+8=9$$ $$2+3=5,2+4=6,...,2+7=9$$ $$3+4=7,3+5=8,3+6=9$$ $$4+5=9$$ From which we get $7+5+3+1=16$ triples $(A,B,C)$. Counting every permutation, we have $16\cdot3!=96$ possibilities.

Subcase $b$: $A=C$, $A,B,C\neq0$

We have $$1+1=2,2+2=4,3+3=6,4+4=8$$ From which we get $4\cdot3=12$ possibilities.

Subcase $c$: $A=B,C=0$

We have $$1+0=1,2+0=2,...,9+0=9$$ Since $0$ can't be the hundreds digit, from here we get $9\cdot2=18$ possibilities. Summing up case $1$, we have $96+12+18=126$ possibilities.

$\textbf{Case 2:}$ $-A+B-C=-11\Longrightarrow A+C-B=11$

Subcase $a$: $A\neq B\neq C\neq0$

We have these values for $A+C-B=11$ $$9+8-6=11,9+7-5=11,...9+3-1=11$$ $$8+7-4=11,8+6-3=11,8+5-2=11,8+4-1$$ $$...$$ From which we get $(6+4+2)\cdot3!=72$ possibilities.

Subcase $b$: $A=C$, $A,B,C\neq0$

We have $$9+9=7,8+8-5,7+7-3=11,6+6-1=11$$ From which we get $4\cdot3=12$ possibilities.

Subcase $c$: $B=0\Longrightarrow A+C+11$

We have $$9+2=8+3=7+4=6+5=11$$ From which we get $2\cdot2\cdot4=16$ possibilities. Summing up case $2$, we have $72+12+16=100$ possibilities.

Adding the $2$ cases, we get a total of $126+100=226$ possibilities. $\boxed{\mathrm{(A)}}$

~ Nafer

## Solution 6: Solution 1 but without the second part

The smallest multiple of $11$ above $100$ is $110 = 11 \cdot 10$, while the largest multiple of $11$ less than $999$ is $990 = 11 \cdot 90$. This means there are $90 - 10 + 1 = 81$ multiples of $11$ between $100$ and $999$.

As there are $3$ permutations for each multiple, we have $81 * 3 = 243$. However, we have overcounted, as numbers like $099$ shouldn't be counted. Looking at the answer choices, we notice there is only one that is less than $243$, and so we have our answer as $\boxed{\textbf{(A) } 226}$.

## Video Solution

Two different variations on solving it. https://youtu.be/z5KNZEwmrWM

https://youtu.be/MBcHwu30MX4 -Video Solution by Richard Rusczyk

~savannahsolver