Difference between revisions of "2018 AMC 10B Problems/Problem 25"

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~ Arcticturn
 
~ Arcticturn
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==Solution 9 (Chen's Floor Equation Method)==
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I'm going to present a general solution to this type of equation <math>f(x, \lfloor x \rfloor) = 0</math>, name it <math>\textbf{Chen's}</math> <math>\textbf{Floor}</math> <math>\textbf{Equation}</math> <math>\textbf{Method}</math>:
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1. solve <math>f(x, \lfloor x \rfloor) = 0</math> for <math>x</math> to get <math>x = g(\lfloor x \rfloor )</math>
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2. apply <math>\lfloor x \rfloor \le x < \lfloor x \rfloor+1</math>, solve <math>\lfloor x \rfloor \le g(\lfloor x \rfloor) < \lfloor x \rfloor+1</math> to get the domain of <math>\lfloor x \rfloor</math>
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3. get <math> \lfloor x \rfloor</math> from the domain of <math> \lfloor x \rfloor</math> because <math> \lfloor x \rfloor</math> is integer, then get <math>x</math> from <math> \lfloor x \rfloor</math> by <math>x = g( \lfloor x \rfloor) </math>
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Note: function <math>\lfloor x \rfloor</math> maps <math>x</math> to its floor. By solving <math>f(x, \lfloor x \rfloor) = 0</math>, we get function <math>x = g( \lfloor x \rfloor) </math>, mapping <math>x</math>'s floor to <math>x</math>
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<math>x^2 - 10000x + 10000 \lfloor x \rfloor =0</math>
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<math>x=5000 \pm 100 \sqrt{2500- \lfloor x \rfloor}</math>, <math>\lfloor x \rfloor \le 2500</math>
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<math>\lfloor x \rfloor \le x < \lfloor x \rfloor + 1</math>
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If <math>x= 5000 + 100 \sqrt{2500 - \lfloor x \rfloor}</math>, <math>x \ge 5000</math>, it contradicts <math>x < \lfloor x \rfloor + 1 \le 2501</math>
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So <math>x= 5000 - 100 \sqrt{2500 - \lfloor x \rfloor}</math>
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Let <math>k = \lfloor x \rfloor</math> , <math>x= 5000 - 100 \sqrt{2500 - k}</math>
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<math>k \le 5000 - 100 \sqrt{2500 - k} < k + 1</math>
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<math>0 \le 5000 - k - 100 \sqrt{2500 - k} < 1</math>
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<math>0 \le 2500 - k - 100 \sqrt{2500 - k} + 2500 < 1</math>
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<math>0 \le (\sqrt{2500 - k} - 50)^2 < 1</math>
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<math>-1 < \sqrt{2500 - k} - 50 < 1</math>
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<math>49 < \sqrt{2500 - k} < 51</math>
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<math>-101 < k < 99</math>
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So the number of <math>k</math>'s values is <math>99-(-101)-1=199</math>. Because <math>x=5000-100\sqrt{2500-k}</math>, for each value of <math>k</math>, there is a value for <math>x</math>. The answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(C)} 199}</math>
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~isabelchen
  
 
==Video Solution==
 
==Video Solution==

Revision as of 13:01, 27 October 2021

The following problem is from both the 2018 AMC 10B #25 and 2018 AMC 12B #24, so both problems redirect to this page.

Problem

Let $\lfloor x \rfloor$ denote the greatest integer less than or equal to $x$. How many real numbers $x$ satisfy the equation $x^2 + 10,000\lfloor x \rfloor = 10,000x$?

$\textbf{(A) } 197 \qquad \textbf{(B) } 198 \qquad \textbf{(C) } 199 \qquad \textbf{(D) } 200 \qquad \textbf{(E) } 201$

Solution 1

This rewrites itself to $x^2=10,000\{x\}$.

Graphing $y=10,000\{x\}$ and $y=x^2$ we see that the former is a set of line segments with slope $10,000$ from $0$ to $1$ with a hole at $x=1$, then $1$ to $2$ with a hole at $x=2$ etc. Here is a graph of $y=x^2$ and $y=16\{x\}$ for visualization.

[asy] import graph; size(400); xaxis("$x$",Ticks(Label(fontsize(8pt)),new real[]{-5,-4,-3, -2, -1,0,1 2,3, 4,5})); yaxis("$y$",Ticks(Label(fontsize(8pt)),new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18})); real y(real x) {return x^2;} draw(circle((-4,16), 0.1)); draw(circle((-3,16), 0.1)); draw(circle((-2,16), 0.1)); draw(circle((-1,16), 0.1)); draw(circle((0,16), 0.1)); draw(circle((1,16), 0.1)); draw(circle((2,16), 0.1)); draw(circle((3,16), 0.1)); draw(circle((4,16), 0.1)); draw((-5,0)--(-4,16), black); draw((-4,0)--(-3,16), black); draw((-3,0)--(-2,16), black); draw((-2,0)--(-1,16), black); draw((-1,0)--(-0,16), black); draw((0,0)--(1,16), black); draw((1,0)--(2,16), black); draw((2,0)--(3,16), black); draw((3,0)--(4,16), black); draw(graph(y,-4.2,4.2),green); [/asy]

Now notice that when $x=\pm 100$ then graph has a hole at $(\pm 100,10,000)$ which the equation $y=x^2$ passes through and then continues upwards. Thus our set of possible solutions is bounded by $(-100,100)$. We can see that $y=x^2$ intersects each of the lines once and there are $99-(-99)+1=199$ lines for an answer of $\boxed{\text{(C)}~199}$.

Note: From the graph, we can clearly see there are $4$ solutions on the negative side of the $x$-axis and only $2$ on the positive side of the $x$-axis. So the solution really should be from $-100$ to $98$, which still counts to $199$. A couple of the alternative solutions also seem to have the same flaw.

Other Note: The function can also be modeled as $\left(\dfrac{x}{100}\right)^2 = \{x\}$.

Solution 2

Same as the first solution, $x^2=10,000\{x\}$.


We can write $x$ as $\lfloor x \rfloor+\{x\}$. Expanding everything, we get a quadratic in $\{x\}$ in terms of $\lfloor x \rfloor$: \[\{x\}^2+ (2\lfloor x \rfloor -10,000)\{x\} + \lfloor x \rfloor ^2 = 0\]


We use the quadratic formula to solve for $\{x\}$ : \[\{x\} = \frac {-2\lfloor x \rfloor + 10,000 \pm \sqrt{ ( 2\lfloor x \rfloor - 10,000 )^2 - 4\lfloor x \rfloor^2  }}{2} = \frac {-2\lfloor x \rfloor + 10,000 \pm \sqrt{ 4\lfloor x \rfloor^2 -40,000 \lfloor x \rfloor + 10,000^2- 4\lfloor x \rfloor^2  }}{2}\]


Since $0 \leq \{x\} < 1$, we get an inequality which we can then solve. After simplifying a lot, we get that $\lfloor x \rfloor^2 + 2\lfloor x \rfloor - 9999 < 0$.


Solving over the integers, $-101 < \lfloor x \rfloor < 99$, and since $\lfloor x \rfloor$ is an integer, there are $\boxed{\text{(C)}~199}$ solutions. Each value of $\lfloor x \rfloor$ should correspond to one value of $x$, so we are done.

Solution 3

Let $x = a+k$ where $a$ is the integer part of $x$ and $k$ is the fractional part of $x$. We can then rewrite the problem below:

$(a+k)^2 + 10000a = 10000(a+k)$

From here, we get

$(a+k)^2 + 10000a = 10000a + 10000k$

Solving for $a+k = x$

$(a+k)^2 = 10000k$

$x = a+k = \pm100\sqrt{k}$

Because $0 \leq k < 1$, we know that $a+k$ cannot be less than or equal to $-100$ nor greater than or equal to $100$. Therefore:

$-99 \leq x \leq 99$

There are $199$ elements in this range, so the answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(C)} \text{ 199}}$.

Note (not by author): this solution seems to be invalid at first, because one can not determine whether $x$ is an integer or not. However, it actually works because although $x$ itself might not be an integer, it is very close to one, so there are 199 potential $x$.

Solution 4

Notice the given equation is equivilent to $(\lfloor x \rfloor+\{x\})^2=10,000\{x\}$

Now we now that $\{x\} < 1$ so plugging in $1$ for $\{x\}$ we can find the upper and lower bounds for the values.

$(\lfloor x \rfloor +1)^2 = 10,000(1)$

$(\lfloor x \rfloor +1) = \pm 100$

$\lfloor x \rfloor = 99, -101$

And just like $\textbf{Solution 2}$, we see that $-101 < \lfloor x \rfloor < 99$, and since $\lfloor x \rfloor$ is an integer, there are $\boxed{\text{(C)}~199}$ solutions. Each value of $\lfloor x \rfloor$ should correspond to one value of $x$, so we are done.

Solution 5

First, we can let $\{x\} = b, \lfloor x \rfloor = a$. We know that $a + b = x$ by definition. We can rearrange the equation to obtain

$x^2 = 10^4(x - a)$.

By taking square root on both sides, we obtain $x = \pm 100 \sqrt{b}$ (because $x - a = b$). We know since $b$ is the fractional part of $x$, it must be that $0 \leq b < 1$. Thus, $x$ may take any value in the interval $-100 < x < 100$. Hence, we know that there are $\boxed{\text{(C)}~199}$ potential values for $\lfloor x \rfloor$ in that range and we are done.

~awesome1st

Solution 6

Firstly, we can rearrange to get $\lfloor x \rfloor = x-\frac{x^2}{10,000}$

Rearranging, we get $\frac{x^2}{10,000} < 1$

Noticing that $10,000 = 100^2$, we know that x can only be within the boundaries of $-100<x<100$ and hence, we know that there are $\boxed{\text{(C)}~199}$ potential values.

Solution 7

Firstly, if $x$ is an integer, then $10,000\lfloor x \rfloor=10,000x$, so $x$ must be $0$.

If $0<x<1$, then we know the following:

$0<x^2<1$

$10,000\lfloor x \rfloor =0$

$0<10,000x<10,000$

Therefore, $0<x^2+10,000\lfloor x \rfloor <1$, which overlaps with $0<10,000x<10,000$. This means that there is at least one real solution between $0$ and $1$. Since $x^2+10,000\lfloor x \rfloor$ increases exponentially and $10,000x$ increases linearly, there is only one solution for this case.

Similarly, if $1<x<2$, then we know the following:

$1<x^2<4$

$10,000\lfloor x \rfloor =10,000$

$<10,000<10,000x<20,000$

By following similar logic, we can find that there is one solution between $1$ ad $2$.

We can also follow the same process to find that there are negative solutions for $x$ as well.

There are not an infinite amount of solutions, so at one point there will be no solutions when $n<x<n+1$ for some integer $n$. For there to be no solutions in a given range means that the range of $10,000\lfloor x \rfloor + x^2$ does not intersect the range of $10,000x$. $x^2$ will always be positive, and $10,000\lfloor x \rfloor$ is less than $10,000$ less than $10,000x$, so when $x^2 >= 10,000$, the equation will have no solutions. This means that there are $99$ positive solutions, $99$ negative solutions, and $0$ for a total of $\boxed{\text{(C)}~199}$ solutions.

~Owen1204

Solution 8 (Quick and Dirty)

We can quickly realize that if x is too large, then the equation becomes invalid because $x^2$ grows faster than the optimal difference between the floor of x and x. We can calculate the value, and the value is $100.$ However, we also need to know that $-100$ also works. But if it is $100$, it will be optimally $0.999... \cdot 10000$ which is still not $10000.$

We can realize that for every Floor x , we have one x to match because we know that if $x^2$ is less than $100,$ we can adjust the value of $x \cdot 10000$ to match $x^2.$ If x is larger than or equal to $10000,$ this is impossible. So we have -100 $<$ x $,$ 100, so we have $199$ values of x, so the answer is $\boxed{\text{(C)}~199}$.

~ Arcticturn

Solution 9 (Chen's Floor Equation Method)

I'm going to present a general solution to this type of equation $f(x, \lfloor x \rfloor) = 0$, name it $\textbf{Chen's}$ $\textbf{Floor}$ $\textbf{Equation}$ $\textbf{Method}$:

1. solve $f(x, \lfloor x \rfloor) = 0$ for $x$ to get $x = g(\lfloor x \rfloor )$
2. apply $\lfloor x \rfloor \le x < \lfloor x \rfloor+1$, solve $\lfloor x \rfloor \le g(\lfloor x \rfloor) < \lfloor x \rfloor+1$ to get the domain of $\lfloor x \rfloor$
3. get $\lfloor x \rfloor$ from the domain of $\lfloor x \rfloor$ because $\lfloor x \rfloor$ is integer, then get $x$ from $\lfloor x \rfloor$ by $x = g( \lfloor x \rfloor)$
Note: function $\lfloor x \rfloor$ maps $x$ to its floor. By solving $f(x, \lfloor x \rfloor) = 0$, we get function $x = g( \lfloor x \rfloor)$, mapping $x$'s floor to $x$

$x^2 - 10000x + 10000 \lfloor x \rfloor =0$

$x=5000 \pm 100 \sqrt{2500- \lfloor x \rfloor}$, $\lfloor x \rfloor \le 2500$

$\lfloor x \rfloor \le x < \lfloor x \rfloor + 1$

If $x= 5000 + 100 \sqrt{2500 - \lfloor x \rfloor}$, $x \ge 5000$, it contradicts $x < \lfloor x \rfloor + 1 \le 2501$

So $x= 5000 - 100 \sqrt{2500 - \lfloor x \rfloor}$

Let $k = \lfloor x \rfloor$ , $x= 5000 - 100 \sqrt{2500 - k}$

$k \le 5000 - 100 \sqrt{2500 - k} < k + 1$

$0 \le 5000 - k - 100 \sqrt{2500 - k} < 1$

$0 \le 2500 - k - 100 \sqrt{2500 - k} + 2500 < 1$

$0 \le (\sqrt{2500 - k} - 50)^2 < 1$

$-1 < \sqrt{2500 - k} - 50 < 1$

$49 < \sqrt{2500 - k} < 51$

$-101 < k < 99$

So the number of $k$'s values is $99-(-101)-1=199$. Because $x=5000-100\sqrt{2500-k}$, for each value of $k$, there is a value for $x$. The answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(C)} 199}$

~isabelchen

Video Solution

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHKPbaXwJUE

See Also

2018 AMC 10B (ProblemsAnswer KeyResources)
Preceded by
Problem 24
Followed by
Last Problem
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions
2018 AMC 12B (ProblemsAnswer KeyResources)
Preceded by
Problem 23
Followed by
Problem 25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions

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