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Difference between revisions of "2019 AMC 10B Problems/Problem 22"

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<math>\textbf{(A) } \frac{1}{7} \qquad\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4} \qquad\textbf{(C) } \frac{1}{3} \qquad\textbf{(D) } \frac{1}{2} \qquad\textbf{(E) } \frac{2}{3}</math>
 
<math>\textbf{(A) } \frac{1}{7} \qquad\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4} \qquad\textbf{(C) } \frac{1}{3} \qquad\textbf{(D) } \frac{1}{2} \qquad\textbf{(E) } \frac{2}{3}</math>
  
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==Solution 1==
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==Solution==
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On the first turn, each player starts off with <math>\$1</math>. Each turn after that, there are only two possibilities: either everyone stays at <math>\$1</math>, which we will write as <math>(1-1-1)</math>, or the distribution of money becomes <math>\$2-\$1-\$0</math> in some order, which we write as <math>(2-1-0)</math>. We will consider these two states separately.
  
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On the first turn, each player starts off with <math>\text{\$1}</math>. Each turn after that, there are only two possibilities: either everyone stays at <math>\text{\$1}</math> <math>\text{(1-1-1)}</math>, or the distribution of money becomes <math>\text{\$2-\$1-\$0}</math> in some order, which we write as <math>\text{(2-1-0)}</math>.
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In the <math>(1-1-1)</math> state, each person has two choices for whom to give their dollar to, meaning there are <math>2^3=8</math> possible ways that the money can be rearranged. Note that there are only two ways that we can reach <math>(1-1-1)</math> again:
  
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We also write <math>\text{S-T-R}</math> (with letters, as distinct from e.g. <math>\text{(1-1-1)}</math>) which means that each person has <math>\text{\$1}</math>) to mean that <math>\text{R}</math> gives his money to <math>\text{S}</math>, <math>\text{S}</math> gives her money to <math>\text{T}</math>, and <math>\text{T}</math> gives his money to <math>\text{R}</math>. We also write e.g. <math>\text{S-T-0}</math> to mean that <math>\text{S}</math> gives her money to <math>\text{T}</math>, <math>\text{T}</math> gives his money to <math>\text{R}</math>, but <math>\text{R}</math> has no money, so gives nothing to <math>\text{S}</math>.
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1. Raashan gives his money to Sylvia, who gives her money to Ted, who gives his money to Raashan.
  
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From the <math>\text{1-1-1}</math> state, there are two ways to distribute the money so that it stays in a <math>\text{1-1-1}</math> state: <math>\text{S-T-R}</math> and <math>\text{T-R-S}</math>. There are 6 ways to change the state to <math>\text{2-1-0}</math>: <math>\text{S-R-R}</math>, <math>\text{T-R-R}</math>, <math>\text{S-R-S}</math>, <math>\text{S-T-S}</math>, <math>\text{T-T-R}</math>, and <math>\text{T-T-S}</math>. This means that the probability that the state stays <math>\text{1-1-1}</math> is <math>\frac{2}{2+6}=\frac{1}{4}</math>, and the probability that the state changes to <math>\text{2-1-0}</math> is <math>\frac{6}{2+6}=\frac{3}{4}</math>.
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2. Raashan gives his money to Ted, who gives his money to Sylvia, who gives her money to Raashan.
  
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From the <math>\text{2-1-0}</math> state, there is one way to change the state back to <math>\text{1-1-1}</math>: <math>\text{S-T-0}</math>. (We can assume that <math>\text{R}</math> has <math>\text{\$2}</math>, <math>\text{S}</math> has <math>\text{\$1}</math>, and <math>\text{T}</math> has <math>\text{\$0}</math> since only the distribution of money matters, not the specific people.) There are three ways to keep the <math>\text{2-1-0}</math> state: <math>\text{S-R-0}</math>, <math>\text{T-R-0}</math>, <math>\text{T-T-0}</math>. This means that the probability that the state changes to <math>\text{1-1-1}</math> is <math>\frac{1}{1+3} = \frac{1}{4}</math>, and the probability that the state stays <math>\text{2-1-0}</math> is <math>\frac{3}{1+3} = \frac{3}{4}</math>.
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Thus, the probability of staying in the <math>(1-1-1)</math> state is <math>\frac{1}{4}</math>, while the probability of going to the <math>(2-1-0)</math> state is <math>\frac{3}{4}</math> (we can check that the 6 other possibilities lead to <math>(2-1-0)</math>)
  
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We can see that there will always be a <math>\frac{1}{4}</math> chance that the money is distributed <math>\text{1-1-1}</math> (as long as the bell rings once), since the probabilities are the same in both cases, so the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(B) }\frac{1}{4}}</math>.
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In the <math>(2-1-0)</math> state, we will label the person with <math>\$2</math> as person A, the person with <math>\$1</math> as person B, and the person with <math>\$0</math> as person C. Person A has two options for whom to give money to, and person B has 2 options for whom to give money to, meaning there are total <math>2\cdot 2 = 4</math> ways the money can be redistributed. The only way that the distribution can return to <math>(1-1-1)</math> is if A gives <math>\$1</math> to B, and B gives <math>\$1</math> to C. We check the other possibilities to find that they all lead back to <math>(2-1-0)</math>. Thus, the probability of going to the <math>(1-1-1)</math> state is <math>\frac{1}{4}</math>, while the probability of staying in the <math>(2-1-0)</math> state is <math>\frac{3}{4}</math>.
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No matter which state we are in, the probability of going to the <math>(1-1-1)</math> state is always <math>\frac{1}{4}</math>. This means that, after the bell rings 2018 times, regardless of what state the money distribution is in, there is a <math>\frac{1}{4}</math> probability of going to the <math>(1-1-1)</math> state after the 2019th bell ring. Thus, our answer is simply <math>\boxed{\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4}}</math>
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==

Revision as of 23:46, 24 February 2019

The following problem is from both the 2019 AMC 10B #22 and 2019 AMC 12B #19, so both problems redirect to this page.

Problem

Raashan, Sylvia, and Ted play the following game. Each starts with $$1$. A bell rings every $15$ seconds, at which time each of the players who currently have money simultaneously chooses one of the other two players independently and at random and gives $$1$ to that player. What is the probability that after the bell has rung $2019$ times, each player will have $$1$? (For example, Raashan and Ted may each decide to give $$1$ to Sylvia, and Sylvia may decide to give her her dollar to Ted, at which point Raashan will have $$0$, Sylvia will have $$2$, and Ted will have $$1$, and that is the end of the first round of play. In the second round Rashaan has no money to give, but Sylvia and Ted might choose each other to give their $$1$ to, and the holdings will be the same at the end of the second round.)

$\textbf{(A) } \frac{1}{7} \qquad\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4} \qquad\textbf{(C) } \frac{1}{3} \qquad\textbf{(D) } \frac{1}{2} \qquad\textbf{(E) } \frac{2}{3}$

Solution

On the first turn, each player starts off with $$1$. Each turn after that, there are only two possibilities: either everyone stays at $$1$, which we will write as $(1-1-1)$, or the distribution of money becomes $$2-$1-$0$ in some order, which we write as $(2-1-0)$. We will consider these two states separately.

In the $(1-1-1)$ state, each person has two choices for whom to give their dollar to, meaning there are $2^3=8$ possible ways that the money can be rearranged. Note that there are only two ways that we can reach $(1-1-1)$ again:

1. Raashan gives his money to Sylvia, who gives her money to Ted, who gives his money to Raashan.

2. Raashan gives his money to Ted, who gives his money to Sylvia, who gives her money to Raashan.

Thus, the probability of staying in the $(1-1-1)$ state is $\frac{1}{4}$, while the probability of going to the $(2-1-0)$ state is $\frac{3}{4}$ (we can check that the 6 other possibilities lead to $(2-1-0)$)


In the $(2-1-0)$ state, we will label the person with $$2$ as person A, the person with $$1$ as person B, and the person with $$0$ as person C. Person A has two options for whom to give money to, and person B has 2 options for whom to give money to, meaning there are total $2\cdot 2 = 4$ ways the money can be redistributed. The only way that the distribution can return to $(1-1-1)$ is if A gives $$1$ to B, and B gives $$1$ to C. We check the other possibilities to find that they all lead back to $(2-1-0)$. Thus, the probability of going to the $(1-1-1)$ state is $\frac{1}{4}$, while the probability of staying in the $(2-1-0)$ state is $\frac{3}{4}$.

No matter which state we are in, the probability of going to the $(1-1-1)$ state is always $\frac{1}{4}$. This means that, after the bell rings 2018 times, regardless of what state the money distribution is in, there is a $\frac{1}{4}$ probability of going to the $(1-1-1)$ state after the 2019th bell ring. Thus, our answer is simply $\boxed{\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4}}$

See Also

2019 AMC 10B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 21 		Followed by
Problem 23
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25
All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions
2019 AMC 12B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 18 		Followed by
Problem 20
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions

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