Difference between revisions of "2020 AIME II Problems/Problem 14"

Latest revision as of 12:25, 12 August 2020

Problem

For a real number $x$ let $\lfloor x\rfloor$ be the greatest integer less than or equal to $x$ , and define $\{x\} = x - \lfloor x \rfloor$ to be the fractional part of $x$ . For example, $\{3\} = 0$ and $\{4.56\} = 0.56$ . Define $f(x)=x\{x\}$ , and let $N$ be the number of real-valued solutions to the equation $f(f(f(x)))=17$ for $0\leq x\leq 2020$ . Find the remainder when $N$ is divided by $1000$ .

Solution 1

It's not too hard to see that, $N$ is $\sum_{x=17}^{2019} \sum_{y=x}^{2019} \sum_{z=y}^{2019} 1 .$ One can see an easy combinatorical argument exists which is the official solution, but I will present another solution here for the sake of variety.

Applying algebraic manipulation and the hockey-stick identity $3$ times gives

$\sum_{x=17}^{2019} \sum_{y=x}^{2019} \sum_{z=y}^{2019} 1$

$=\sum_{x=17}^{2019} \sum_{y=x}^{2019} \sum_{z=y}^{2019} \binom{z-y}{0}$

$=\sum_{x=17}^{2019} \sum_{y=x}^{2019} \binom{2020-y}{1}$

$=\sum_{x=17}^{2019} \binom{2021-x}{2}$

$=\binom{2005}{3}$

Hence, $N = \frac{2005 \cdot 2004 \cdot 2003}{3 \cdot 2\cdot 1} \equiv 10 (\mathrm{mod} \hskip .2cm 1000)$

Solution 2

To solve $f(f(f(x)))=17$ , we need to solve $f(x) = y$ where $f(f(y))=17$ , and to solve that we need to solve $f(y) = z$ where $f(z) = 17$ .

It is clear to see for some integer $a \geq 17$ there is exactly one value of $z$ in the interval $[a, a+1)$ where $f(z) = 17$ . To understand this, imagine the graph of $f(z)$ on the interval $[a, a+1)$ The graph starts at $0$ , is continuous and increasing, and approaches $a+1$ . So as long as $a+1 > 17$ , there will be a solution for $z$ in the interval.

Using this logic, we can find the number of solutions to $f(x) = y$ . For every interval $[a, a+1)$ where $a \geq \left \lfloor{y}\right \rfloor$ there will be one solution for $x$ in that interval. However, the question states $0 \leq x \leq 2020$ , but because $x=2020$ doesn't work we can change it to $0 \leq x < 2020$ . Therefore, $\left \lfloor{y}\right \rfloor \leq a \leq 2019$ , and there are $2020 - \left \lfloor{y}\right \rfloor$ solutions to $f(x) = y$ .

We can solve $f(y) = z$ similarly. $0 \leq y < 2020$ to satisfy the bounds of $x$ , so there are $2020 - \left \lfloor{z}\right \rfloor$ solutions to $f(y) = z$ , and $0 \leq z < 2020$ to satisfy the bounds of $y$ .

Going back to $f(z) = 17$ , there is a single solution for z in the interval $[a, a+1)$ , where $17 \leq a \leq 2019$ . (We now have an upper bound for $a$ because we know $z < 2020$ .) There are $2003$ solutions for $z$ , and the floors of these solutions create the sequence $17, 18, 19, ..., 2018, 2019$

Lets first look at the solution of $z$ where $\left \lfloor{z}\right \rfloor = 17$ . Then $f(y) = z$ would have $2003$ solutions, and the floors of these solutions would also create the sequence $17, 18, 19, ..., 2018, 2019$ .

If we used the solution of $y$ where $\left \lfloor{y}\right \rfloor = 17$ , there would be $2003$ solutions for $f(x) = y$ . If we used the solution of $y$ where $\left \lfloor{y}\right \rfloor = 18$ , there would be $2002$ solutions for $x$ , and so on. So for the solution of $z$ where $\left \lfloor{z}\right \rfloor = 17$ , there will be $2003 + 2002 + 2001 + ... + 2 + 1 = \binom{2004}{2}$ solutions for $x$

If we now look at the solution of $z$ where $\left \lfloor{z}\right \rfloor = 18$ , there would be $\binom{2003}{2}$ solutions for $x$ . If we looked at the solution of $z$ where $\left \lfloor{z}\right \rfloor = 19$ , there would be $\binom{2002}{2}$ solutions for $x$ , and so on.

The total number of solutions to $x$ is $\binom{2004}{2} + \binom{2003}{2} + \binom{2002}{2} + ... + \binom{3}{2} + \binom{2}{2}$ . Using the hockey stick theorem, we see this equals $\binom{2005}{3}$ , and when we take the remainder of that number when divided by $1000$ , we get the answer, $\boxed{10}$

~aragornmf

Solution 3 (Official MAA)

For any nonnegative integer $n$ , the function $f$ increases on the interval $[n,n+1)$ , with $f(n)=0$ and $f(x)<n+1$ for every $x$ in this interval. On this interval $f(x)=x(x-n)$ , which takes on every real value in the interval $[0,n+1)$ exactly once. Thus for each nonnegative real number $y$ , the equation $f(x) = y$ has exactly one solution $x \in [n, n+1)$ for every $n \ge \lfloor y \rfloor$ .

For each integer $a\geq 17$ there is exactly one $x$ with $\lfloor x\rfloor=a$ such that $f(x)=17$ ; likewise for each integer $b\geq a\geq 17$ there is exactly one $x$ with $\lfloor f(x)\rfloor=a$ and $\lfloor x\rfloor=b$ such that $f(f(x))=17$ . Finally, for each integer $c \ge b \ge a \ge 17$ there is exactly one $x$ with $\lfloor f(f(x)) \rfloor = a$ , $\lfloor f(x)\rfloor=b$ , and $\lfloor x\rfloor=c$ such that $f(f(f(x)))=17$ .

Thus $f(f(f(x)))=17$ has exactly one solution $x$ with $0\leq x\leq 2020$ for each triple of integers $(a,b,c)$ with $17\leq a\leq b\leq c<2020$ , noting that $x=2020$ is not a solution. This nondecreasing ordered triple can be identified with a multiset of three elements of the set of $2003$ integers $\{17,18,19,\ldots,2019\}$ , which can be selected in $\binom{2005}3$ ways. Thus $N=\frac{2005\cdot 2004\cdot 2003}{6}\equiv 10\hskip -.2cm \pmod{1000}.$

Video Solution 1

https://youtu.be/bz5N-jI2e0U?t=515

Video Solution 2

https://youtu.be/YWKlWuwDwmI

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Problem==
-For real number <math>x</math> let <math>\lfloor x\rfloor</math> be the greatest integer less than or equal to <math>x</math>, and define <math>\{x\} = x - \lfloor x \rfloor</math> to be the fractional part of <math>x</math>. For example, <math>\{3\} = 0</math> and <math>\{4.56\} = 0.56</math>. Define <math>f(x)=x\{x\}</math>, and let <math>N</math> be the number of real-valued solutions to the equation <math>f(f(f(x)))=17</math> for <math>0\leq x\leq 2020</math>. Find the remainder when <math>N</math> is divided by <math>1000</math>.
+For a real number <math>x</math> let <math>\lfloor x\rfloor</math> be the greatest integer less than or equal to <math>x</math>, and define <math>\{x\} = x - \lfloor x \rfloor</math> to be the fractional part of <math>x</math>. For example, <math>\{3\} = 0</math> and <math>\{4.56\} = 0.56</math>. Define <math>f(x)=x\{x\}</math>, and let <math>N</math> be the number of real-valued solutions to the equation <math>f(f(f(x)))=17</math> for <math>0\leq x\leq 2020</math>. Find the remainder when <math>N</math> is divided by <math>1000</math>.
 ==Solution 1==
+It's not too hard to see that, <math>N</math> is
 <cmath>
 \sum_{x=17}^{2019} \sum_{y=x}^{2019} \sum_{z=y}^{2019} 1
 .</cmath>
-A combinatorical argument exists which is the official solution, but I will present another here for the sake of variety.
+One can see an easy combinatorical argument exists which is the official solution, but I will present another solution here for the sake of variety.
 Applying algebraic manipulation and the hockey-stick identity <math>3</math> times gives
 <cmath>
 \sum_{x=17}^{2019} \sum_{y=x}^{2019} \sum_{z=y}^{2019} 1
 </cmath>
+<cmath>
+=\sum_{x=17}^{2019} \sum_{y=x}^{2019} \sum_{z=y}^{2019} \binom{z-y}{0}
+</cmath>
 <cmath>
-=\sum_{x=17}^{2019} \sum_{y=x}^{2019} \sum_{z=y}^{2019} \binom{z-y}{0}\\
+=\sum_{x=17}^{2019} \sum_{y=x}^{2019} \binom{2020-y}{1}
-</cmath>=\sum_{x=17}^{2019} \sum_{y=x}^{2019} \binom{2020-y}{1}\\
+</cmath>
 <cmath>
-=\sum_{x=17}^{2019} \binom{2021-x}{2}\\
+=\sum_{x=17}^{2019} \binom{2021-x}{2}
 </cmath>
 <cmath>
 =\binom{2005}{3}
 </cmath>
-\end{align*}
+Hence, <cmath>N = \frac{2005 \cdot 2004 \cdot 2003}{3 \cdot 2\cdot 1} \equiv 10 (\mathrm{mod} \hskip .2cm 1000)</cmath>
 ==Solution 2==
@@ Line 27: / Line 37: @@
 To solve <math>f(f(f(x)))=17</math>, we need to solve <math>f(x) = y</math> where <math>f(f(y))=17</math>, and to solve that we need to solve <math>f(y) = z</math> where <math>f(z) = 17</math>.
-It is clear to see for some integer <math>a \geq 17</math> there is exactly one value of <math>z</math> in the interval <math>[a, a+1)</math> where <math>f(z) = 17</math> To understand this, imagine the graph of <math>f(z)</math> on the interval <math>[a, a+1)</math> The graph starts at <math>0</math>, is continuous and increasing, and approaches <math>a+1</math>. So as long as <math>a+1 > 17</math>, there will be a solution for <math>z</math> in the interval.
+It is clear to see for some integer <math>a \geq 17</math> there is exactly one value of <math>z</math> in the interval <math>[a, a+1)</math> where <math>f(z) = 17</math>. To understand this, imagine the graph of <math>f(z)</math> on the interval <math>[a, a+1)</math> The graph starts at <math>0</math>, is continuous and increasing, and approaches <math>a+1</math>. So as long as <math>a+1 > 17</math>, there will be a solution for <math>z</math> in the interval.
-Using this logic, we can find the number of solutions to <math>f(x) = y</math>. For every interval <math>[a, a+1)</math> where <math>a \geq \left \lfloor{y}\right \rfloor </math> there will be one solution for x in that interval. However, the question states <math>0 \leq x \leq 2020</math>, but because <math>x=2020</math> doesn't work we can change it to <math>0 \leq x < 2020</math>. Therefore, <math>\left \lfloor{y}\right \rfloor  \leq a \leq 2019</math>, and there are <math>2020 - \left \lfloor{y}\right \rfloor</math> solutions to <math>f(x) = y</math>.
+Using this logic, we can find the number of solutions to <math>f(x) = y</math>. For every interval <math>[a, a+1)</math> where <math>a \geq \left \lfloor{y}\right \rfloor </math> there will be one solution for <math>x</math> in that interval. However, the question states <math>0 \leq x \leq 2020</math>, but because <math>x=2020</math> doesn't work we can change it to <math>0 \leq x < 2020</math>. Therefore, <math>\left \lfloor{y}\right \rfloor  \leq a \leq 2019</math>, and there are <math>2020 - \left \lfloor{y}\right \rfloor</math> solutions to <math>f(x) = y</math>.
 We can solve <math>f(y) = z</math> similarly. <math>0 \leq y < 2020</math> to satisfy the bounds of <math>x</math>, so there are <math>2020 - \left \lfloor{z}\right \rfloor</math> solutions to <math>f(y) = z</math>, and <math>0 \leq z < 2020</math> to satisfy the bounds of <math>y</math>.
@@ Line 45: / Line 55: @@
 ~aragornmf
-==Solution 2 (Official MAA)==
+==Solution 3 (Official MAA)==
 For any nonnegative integer <math>n</math>, the function <math>f</math> increases on the interval <math>[n,n+1)</math>, with <math>f(n)=0</math> and <math>f(x)<n+1</math> for every <math>x</math> in this interval. On this interval <math>f(x)=x(x-n)</math>, which takes on every real value in the interval <math>[0,n+1)</math> exactly once. Thus for each nonnegative real number <math>y</math>, the equation <math>f(x) = y</math> has exactly one solution <math>x \in [n, n+1)</math> for every <math>n \ge \lfloor y \rfloor</math>.
@@ Line 52: / Line 62: @@
 Thus <math>f(f(f(x)))=17</math> has exactly one solution <math>x</math> with <math>0\leq x\leq 2020</math> for each triple of integers <math>(a,b,c)</math> with <math>17\leq a\leq b\leq c<2020</math>, noting that <math>x=2020</math> is not a solution. This nondecreasing ordered triple can be identified with a multiset of three elements of the set of <math>2003</math> integers <math>\{17,18,19,\ldots,2019\}</math>, which can be selected in <math>\binom{2005}3</math> ways. Thus <cmath>N=\frac{2005\cdot 2004\cdot 2003}{6}\equiv 10\hskip -.2cm \pmod{1000}.</cmath>
-==Video Solution==
+==Video Solution 1==
 https://youtu.be/bz5N-jI2e0U?t=515
+==Video Solution 2==
+https://youtu.be/YWKlWuwDwmI
 ==See Also==
 {{AIME box|year=2020|n=II|num-b=13|num-a=15}}
+[[Category: Intermediate Algebra Problems]]
+[[Category: Functional Equation Problems]]
 {{MAA Notice}}

2020 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
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