Difference between revisions of "2020 CIME I Problems/Problem 6"

Problem 6

Find the number of complex numbers $z$ satisfying $|z|=1$ and $z^{850}+z^{350}+1=0$.

Solution 1

We reduce the problem to $z^{17}+z^7+1$, remembering to multiply the final product by 50. We need the imaginary parts of the numbers $z^{17},z^7$ to cancel, which by working modulo 360 we can easily determine only happens when the number is of the form $cis(15x)$ (this holds true because we are only looking for solutions with a magnitude of $1$). We also need the real parts to sum to $-1$. We check all the multiples of 15 that result in $cis(x)$ being negative, and find that only two work(or alternatively, if you are good, you can guess that only $120$ and $240$ work). The answer is then $100$.

Solution 2

Let $f(w)=w^{850}+w^{350}+1$ and suppose $z$ is such that $f(z)=0$ and $|z|=1$. Note that $z$ is not real (by descartes rule of signs), thus $\overline{z}=|z|^2/z=1/z$ is also a root of $f$. It follows that $z^{850}f(1/z)=z^{850}+z^{500}+1=0$. Subtracting we have $$0=z^{500}-z^{350}=z^{350}(z^{150}-1)=z^{350}(z^{50}-1)(z^{100}+z^{50}+1)$$ Now $z^{350}\neq 0$ else $f(z)=1\neq 0$, and $z^{50}\neq 1$ else $f(z)=3\neq0$. Hence if $|z|=1$ and $f(z)=0$ then we must have $z^{100}+z^{50}+1=0$. Conversely, if $z$ satisfies $z^{100}+z^{50}+1=0$ then $z^{150}=1$ so that $|z|=1$ and $z^{850}+z^{350}+1=z^{100}+z^{50}+1=0$. Therefore $z$ satisfies $f(z)=0$ and $|z|=1$ if and only if $z^{100}+z^{50}+1=0$. Note that this equation has 100 solutions (by the fundamental theorem of algebra) lying on the unit circle. Furthermore they are distinct since the solutions of $z^{150}=1$ are distinct and $z^{100}+z^{50}+1$ is a factor of $z^{150}-1$. Therefore the answer is 100.