Euclidean algorithm

The Euclidean algorithm (also known as the Euclidean division algorithm or Euclid's algorithm) is an algorithm that finds the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two elements of a Euclidean domain, the most common of which is the nonnegative integers $\mathbb{Z}{\geq 0}$ , without factoring them.

Main idea and Informal Description

The basic idea is to repeatedly use the fact that $\gcd({a,b}) \equiv \gcd({b,a - b})$

If we have two non-negative integers $a,b$ with $a\ge b$ and $b=0$ , then the greatest common divisor is ${a}$ . If $a\ge b>0$ , then the set of common divisors of ${a}$ and $b$ is the same as the set of common divisors of $b$ and $r$ where $r$ is the remainder of division of ${a}$ by $b$ . Indeed, we have $a=mb+r$ with some integer $m$ , so, if ${d}$ divides both ${a}$ and $b$ , it must divide both ${a}$ and $mb$ and, thereby, their difference $r$ . Similarly, if ${d}$ divides both $b$ and $r$ , it should divide ${a}$ as well. Thus, the greatest common divisors of ${a}$ and $b$ and of $b$ and $r$ coincide: $GCD(a,b)=GCD(b,r)$ . But the pair $(b,r)$ consists of smaller numbers than the pair $(a,b)$ ! So, we reduced our task to a simpler one. And we can do this reduction again and again until the smaller number becomes $0$

General Form

Start with any two elements $a$ and $b$ of a Euclidean Domain

If $b=0$ , then $\gcd(a,b)=a$ .
Otherwise take the remainder when ${a}$ is divided by $a \pmod{b}$ , and find $\gcd(a,a \bmod {b})$ .
Repeat this until the remainder is 0.

$a \pmod{b} \equiv r_1$
$b (\bmod r_1) \equiv r_2$
$\vdots$
$r_{n-1} (\bmod r_n) \equiv 0$
Then $\gcd({a,b}) = r_n$

Usually the Euclidean algorithm is written down just as a chain of divisions with remainder:

for $r_{k+1} < r_k < r_{k-1}$
$a = b \cdot q_1+r_1$
$b = r_1 \cdot q_2 + r_2$
$r_1 = r_2 \cdot q_3 + r_3$
$\vdots$
$r_{n-1} = r_n \cdot q_{n+2} +0$
and so $\gcd({a,b}) = r_n$

Example

To see how it works, just take an example. Say $a = 93, b = 42$ .
We have $93 \equiv 9 \pmod{42}$ , so $\gcd(93,42) = \gcd(42,9)$ .
Similarly, $42 \equiv 6 \pmod{9}$ , so $\gcd(42,9) = \gcd(9,6)$ .
Continuing, $9 \equiv 3 \pmod{6}$ , so $\gcd(9,6) = \gcd(6,3)$ . Then $6 \equiv 0 \pmod{3}$ , so $\gcd(6,3) = \gcd(3,0) = 3$ .
Thus $\gcd(93,42) = 3$ .

$93 = 2 \cdot 42 + 9 \qquad (1)$
$42 = 4 \cdot 9 + 6 \qquad (2)$
$9 = 1 \cdot 6 + 3 \qquad (3)$
$6 = 2 \cdot 3 + 0 \qquad (4)$

Linear Representation

An added bonus of the Euclidean algorithm is the "linear representation" of the greatest common divisor. This allows us to write $\gcd(a,b)=ax+by$ , where $x,y$ are some elements from the same Euclidean Domain as $a$ and $b$ that can be determined using the algorithm. We can work backwards from whichever step is the most convenient.

In the previous example, we can work backwards from equation $(2)$ :

$14 = 42-1\cdot 28$
$14 = 42-1\cdot (112-2\cdot 42)$
$14 = 3\cdot 42-1\cdot 112.$

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Euclidean algorithm

Contents

Main idea and Informal Description

General Form

Example

Linear Representation

Problems

Introductory

Intermediate

Olympiad

See Also