Difference between revisions of "Heron's Formula"

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'''Heron's formula''' (sometimes called Hero's formula) is a [[mathematical formula | formula]] for finding the [[area]] of a [[triangle]] given only the three side lengths.
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'''Heron's Formula''' (sometimes called Hero's formula) is a [[mathematical formula | formula]] for finding the [[area]] of a [[triangle]] given only the three side lengths.
  
=== Definition ===
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== Theorem ==
  
 
For any triangle with side lengths <math>{a}, {b}, {c}</math>, the area <math>{A}</math> can be found using the following formula:
 
For any triangle with side lengths <math>{a}, {b}, {c}</math>, the area <math>{A}</math> can be found using the following formula:
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== Proof ==
 
== Proof ==
 +
Using basic Trigonometry, we have
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<cmath>[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sin C, </cmath>
 +
which simplifies to
 +
<cmath>[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sqrt{1-\cos^2 C}.</cmath>
  
<math>[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sin C</math>
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The Law of Cosines states that in triangle <math>ABC</math>, <math>c^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab\cos C</math>, which can be written as <math>\cos C = \frac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{2ab}</math>. Thus,
 +
<math>[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sqrt{1-\left(\frac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}\right)^2}.</math>
  
<math>=\frac{ab}{2}\sqrt{1-\cos^2 C}</math>
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Now, we can simplify:
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<cmath>[ABC]=\sqrt{\frac{a^2b^2}{4}\left[1-\frac{(a^2+b^2-c^2)^2}{4a^2b^2}\right]}</cmath>
  
<math>=\frac{ab}{2}\sqrt{1-(\frac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab})^2}</math>
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<cmath>=\sqrt{\frac{4a^2b^2-(a^2+b^2-c^2)^2}{16}}</cmath>
  
<math>=\sqrt{\frac{a^2b^2}{4}(1-\frac{(a^2+b^2-c^2)^2}{4a^2b^2})}</math>
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<cmath>=\sqrt{\frac{(2ab+a^2+b^2-c^2)(2ab-a^2-b^2+c^2)}{16}}</cmath>
  
<math>=\sqrt{\frac{4a^2b^2-(a^2+b^2-c^2)^2}{16}}</math>
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<cmath>=\sqrt{\frac{((a+b)^2-c^2)(c^2-(a-b)^2)}{16}}</cmath>
  
<math>=\sqrt{\frac{(2ab+a^2+b^2-c^2)(2ab-a^2-b^2+c^2)}{16}}</math>
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<cmath>=\sqrt{\frac{(a+b+c)(a+b-c)(b+c-a)(a+c-b)}{16}}</cmath>
  
<math>=\sqrt{\frac{((a+b)^2-c^2)(c^2-(a-b)^2)}{16}}</math>
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<cmath>=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}</cmath>
  
<math>=\sqrt{\frac{(a+b+c)(a+b-c)(b+c-a)(a+c-b)}{16}}</math>
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==Isosceles Triangle Simplification==
  
<math>=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}</math>
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<math>A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}</math> for all triangles
  
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<math>b=c</math> for all isosceles triangles
 +
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<math>A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-b)}</math> simplifies to <math>A=(s-b)\sqrt{s(s-a)}</math> <math>\blacksquare</math>
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 +
==Square root simplification/modification==
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From <cmath>A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}</cmath> We can "take out" the <math>1/2</math> in each <math>s</math>, then we have <cmath>A=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(a+b+c)(-a+b+c)(a-b+c)(a+b-c)}</cmath>Using the [[difference of squares]] on the first two and last two factors, we get <cmath>A=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(b^2+2bc+c^2-a^2)(a^2-b^2+2bc-c^2)}</cmath>and using the difference of squares again, we get <cmath>A=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(2bc)^2-(-a^2+b^2+c^2)^2}</cmath> From this equation (although seemingly not symmetrical), it is much easier to calculate the area of a certain triangle with side lengths with quantities with square roots. One can remember this formula by noticing that when finding the cosine of an angle in a triangle, the formula is <cmath>\cos{A}=\frac{-a^2+b^2+c^2}{2bc}</cmath> and the two terms in the formula are just the [[denominator]] and [[numerator]] of the fraction for <math>\cos{A}</math>, only they're squared. This can also serve as a reason for why the area <math>A</math> is never imaginary. This is equivalent of ending at step <math>4</math> in the proof and distributing.
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===Note===
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Replacing <math>-a^2+b^2+c^2</math> as <math>2bc\cos{A}</math>, the area simplifies down to <math>\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(2bc\sin{A})^2}</math>, or <math>\frac{1}{4}\cdot2bc\sin{A}</math>, or <math>\frac{1}{2}bc\sin{A}</math>, another common area formula for the triangle.
 +
 +
==Example==
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Let's say that you have a right triangle with the sides <math>3</math> ,<math>4</math> , and <math>5</math>. Your semi- perimeter would be <math>6</math> since <math>(3+4+5)</math> ÷ <math>2</math> is <math>6</math>.
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Then you have <math>6-3=3</math>, <math>6-4=2</math>, <math>6-5=1</math>.
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<math>1\cdot 2\cdot 3=6.</math>
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<math> 6\cdot 6 = 36</math>
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The square root of <math>36</math> is <math>6</math>. The area of your triangle is <math>6</math>.
  
 
== See Also ==
 
== See Also ==
 
* [[Brahmagupta's formula]]
 
* [[Brahmagupta's formula]]
 
* [[Geometry]]
 
* [[Geometry]]
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 +
== External Links ==
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* [http://www.scriptspedia.org/Heron%27s_Formula Heron's formula implementations in C++, Java and PHP]
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* [http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Resources/Papers/Heron.pdf Proof of Heron's Formula Using Complex Numbers]
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In general, it is a good advice <b>not</b> to use Heron's formula in computer programs whenever we can avoid it. For example, whenever vertex coordinates are known, vector product is a much better alternative. Main reasons:
 +
* Computing the square root is much slower than multiplication.
 +
* For triangles with area close to zero Heron's formula computed using floating point variables suffers from precision problems.
  
 
[[Category:Geometry]]
 
[[Category:Geometry]]
 
[[Category:Theorems]]
 
[[Category:Theorems]]

Revision as of 14:23, 26 January 2023

Heron's Formula (sometimes called Hero's formula) is a formula for finding the area of a triangle given only the three side lengths.

Theorem

For any triangle with side lengths ${a}, {b}, {c}$, the area ${A}$ can be found using the following formula:

$A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}$

where the semi-perimeter $s=\frac{a+b+c}{2}$.


Proof

Using basic Trigonometry, we have \[[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sin C,\] which simplifies to \[[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sqrt{1-\cos^2 C}.\]

The Law of Cosines states that in triangle $ABC$, $c^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab\cos C$, which can be written as $\cos C = \frac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{2ab}$. Thus, $[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sqrt{1-\left(\frac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}\right)^2}.$

Now, we can simplify: \[[ABC]=\sqrt{\frac{a^2b^2}{4}\left[1-\frac{(a^2+b^2-c^2)^2}{4a^2b^2}\right]}\]

\[=\sqrt{\frac{4a^2b^2-(a^2+b^2-c^2)^2}{16}}\]

\[=\sqrt{\frac{(2ab+a^2+b^2-c^2)(2ab-a^2-b^2+c^2)}{16}}\]

\[=\sqrt{\frac{((a+b)^2-c^2)(c^2-(a-b)^2)}{16}}\]

\[=\sqrt{\frac{(a+b+c)(a+b-c)(b+c-a)(a+c-b)}{16}}\]

\[=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}\]

Isosceles Triangle Simplification

$A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}$ for all triangles

$b=c$ for all isosceles triangles

$A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-b)}$ simplifies to $A=(s-b)\sqrt{s(s-a)}$ $\blacksquare$

Square root simplification/modification

From \[A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}\] We can "take out" the $1/2$ in each $s$, then we have \[A=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(a+b+c)(-a+b+c)(a-b+c)(a+b-c)}\]Using the difference of squares on the first two and last two factors, we get \[A=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(b^2+2bc+c^2-a^2)(a^2-b^2+2bc-c^2)}\]and using the difference of squares again, we get \[A=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(2bc)^2-(-a^2+b^2+c^2)^2}\] From this equation (although seemingly not symmetrical), it is much easier to calculate the area of a certain triangle with side lengths with quantities with square roots. One can remember this formula by noticing that when finding the cosine of an angle in a triangle, the formula is \[\cos{A}=\frac{-a^2+b^2+c^2}{2bc}\] and the two terms in the formula are just the denominator and numerator of the fraction for $\cos{A}$, only they're squared. This can also serve as a reason for why the area $A$ is never imaginary. This is equivalent of ending at step $4$ in the proof and distributing.

Note

Replacing $-a^2+b^2+c^2$ as $2bc\cos{A}$, the area simplifies down to $\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(2bc\sin{A})^2}$, or $\frac{1}{4}\cdot2bc\sin{A}$, or $\frac{1}{2}bc\sin{A}$, another common area formula for the triangle.

Example

Let's say that you have a right triangle with the sides $3$ ,$4$ , and $5$. Your semi- perimeter would be $6$ since $(3+4+5)$ ÷ $2$ is $6$. Then you have $6-3=3$, $6-4=2$, $6-5=1$. $1\cdot 2\cdot 3=6.$ $6\cdot 6 = 36$ The square root of $36$ is $6$. The area of your triangle is $6$.

See Also

External Links

In general, it is a good advice not to use Heron's formula in computer programs whenever we can avoid it. For example, whenever vertex coordinates are known, vector product is a much better alternative. Main reasons:

  • Computing the square root is much slower than multiplication.
  • For triangles with area close to zero Heron's formula computed using floating point variables suffers from precision problems.