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Difference between revisions of "Power of a Point Theorem"

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The '''Power of a Point Theorem''' expresses the relation between the lengths involved with the intersection of two lines between each other and their intersections with a [[circle]].
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The '''Power of a Point Theorem''' expresses the relation between the lengths involved with the intersection of two [[line]]s between each other and their [[intersection]]s with a [[circle]].
  
 
== Theorem ==
 
== Theorem ==
 
There are three possibilities as displayed in the figures below.
 
There are three possibilities as displayed in the figures below.
  
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# The two lines are [[secant line|secants]] of the circle and intersect inside the circle (figure on the left). In this case, we have <math> AE\cdot CE = BE\cdot DE </math>.
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# The two lines are [[secant line|secants]] of the circle and intersect inside the circle (figure on the left). In this case, we have <math> AE\cdot CE = BE\cdot DE </math>.
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# One of the lines is [[tangent line|tangent]] to the circle while the other is a [[secant line|secant]] (middle figure). In this case, we have <math> AB^2 = BC\cdot BD </math>.
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# One of the lines is [[tangent line|tangent]] to the circle while the other is a [[secant line|secant]] (middle figure). In this case, we have <math> AB^2 = BC\cdot BD </math>.
 
# Both lines are [[secant line|secants]] of the circle and intersect outside of it (figure on the right).  In this case, we have <math> CB\cdot CA = CD\cdot CE. </math>
 
# Both lines are [[secant line|secants]] of the circle and intersect outside of it (figure on the right).  In this case, we have <math> CB\cdot CA = CD\cdot CE. </math>
  
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This alternate formulation is much more compact, convenient, and general.
 
This alternate formulation is much more compact, convenient, and general.
  
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Consider a circle O and a point P in the plane where P is not on the circle. Now draw a line through P that intersects the circle in two places. The power of a point theorem says that the product of the length from P to the first point of intersection and the length from P to the second point of intersection is constant for any choice of a line through P that intersects the circle. This constant is called the power of point P. For example, in the figure below  
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Consider a circle <math>O</math> and a point <math>P</math> in the plane where <math>P</math> is not on the circle. Now draw a line through <math>P</math> that intersects the circle in two places. The power of a point theorem says that the product of the length from <math>P</math> to the first point of intersection and the length from <math>P</math> to the second point of intersection is constant for any choice of a line through <math>P</math> that intersects the circle. This constant is called the power of point <math>P</math>. For example, in the figure below  
 
<cmath>
 
<cmath>
 
PX^2=PA_1\cdot PB_1=PA_2\cdot PB_2=\cdots=PA_i\cdot PB_i
 
PX^2=PA_1\cdot PB_1=PA_2\cdot PB_2=\cdots=PA_i\cdot PB_i
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[[Image:Popalt.PNG|center]]
 
[[Image:Popalt.PNG|center]]
  
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Notice how this definition still works if <math>A_k</math> and <math>B_k</math> coincide (as is the case with X). Consider also when P is inside the circle. The definition still holds in this case.
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Notice how this definition still works if <math>A_k</math> and <math>B_k</math> coincide (as is the case with <math>X</math>). Consider also when <math>P</math> is inside the circle. The definition still holds in this case.
  
 
== Additional Notes ==
 
== Additional Notes ==
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The theorem generalizes to higher dimensions, as follows.
 
The theorem generalizes to higher dimensions, as follows.
  
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Let <math>P</math> be a point, and let <math>S</math> be an <math>n</math>-sphere. Let two arbitrary lines passing through <math>P </math> intersect <math>S </math> at <math>A_1 , B_1 ; A_2 , B_2 </math>, respectively. Then
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Let <math>P</math> be a point, and let <math>S</math> be an <math>n</math>-sphere. Let two arbitrary lines passing through <math>P</math> intersect <math>S</math> at <math>A_1,B_1;A_2,B_2</math>, respectively. Then
 
<cmath>
 
<cmath>
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PA_1 \cdot PB_1 = PA_2 \cdot PB_2
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PA_1\cdot PB_1=PA_2\cdot PB_2
 
</cmath>
 
</cmath>
  
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''Proof.''  We have already proven the theorem for a 1-sphere (i.e., a circle), so it only remains to prove the theorem for more dimensions.  Consider the [[plane]] <math>p </math> containing both of the lines passing through <math>P </math>.  The intersection of <math>P </math> and <math>S </math> must be a circle.  If we consider the lines and <math>P </math> with respect simply to that circle, then we have reduced our claim to the case of two dimensions, in which we know the theorem holds.
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''Proof.''  We have already proven the theorem for a <math>1</math>-sphere (i.e., a circle), so it only remains to prove the theorem for more dimensions.  Consider the [[plane]] <math>p</math> containing both of the lines passing through <math>P</math>.  The intersection of <math>P</math> and <math>S</math> must be a circle.  If we consider the lines and <math>P</math> with respect simply to that circle, then we have reduced our claim to the case of two dimensions, in which we know the theorem holds.
  
 
== Problems ==
 
== Problems ==
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=== Introductory ===
 
=== Introductory ===
 
==== Problem 1 ====
 
==== Problem 1 ====
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Find the value of <math> x </math> in the following diagram:
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Find the value of <math>x</math> in the following diagram:
  
 
[[Image:popprob1.PNG|center]]
 
[[Image:popprob1.PNG|center]]
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==== Problem 2 ====   
 
==== Problem 2 ====   
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Find the value of <math> x </math> in the following diagram.
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Find the value of <math>x</math> in the following diagram:
  
 
[[Image:popprob2.PNG|center]]
 
[[Image:popprob2.PNG|center]]
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==== Problem 3 ====  
 
==== Problem 3 ====  
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([[ARML]]) In a circle, chords <math> AB </math> and <math> CD </math> intersect at <math> R </math>. If <math>AR:BR = 1:4 </math> and <math> CR:DR = 4:9 </math>, find the ratio <math> AB:CD. </math>
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([[ARML]]) In a circle, chords <math>AB</math> and <math>CD</math> intersect at <math>R</math>. If <math>AR:BR=1:4</math> and <math>CR:DR=4:9</math>, find the ratio <math>AB:CD</math>.
  
 
[[Image:popprob3.PNG|center]]
 
[[Image:popprob3.PNG|center]]
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==== Problem 4 ====
 
==== Problem 4 ====
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([[ARML]]) Chords <math> AB </math> and <math> CD </math> of a given circle are perpendicular to each other and intersect at a right angle. Given that <math> BE = 16, DE = 4, </math> and <math> AD = 5 </math>, find <math> CE </math>.
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([[ARML]]) Chords <math>AB</math> and <math>CD</math> of a given circle are [[perpendicular]] to each other and intersect at a right angle. Given that <math>BE=16</math>, <math>DE=4</math>, and <math>AD=5</math>, find <math>CE</math>.
  
 
[[Power of a Point Theorem/Introductory_Problem_4|Solution]]
 
[[Power of a Point Theorem/Introductory_Problem_4|Solution]]
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=== Intermediate ===
 
=== Intermediate ===
 
==== Problem 1 ====
 
==== Problem 1 ====
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Two tangents from an external point <math> P </math> are drawn to a circle and intersect it at <math> A </math> and <math> B </math>.  A third tangent meets the circle at <math> T </math>, and the tangents <math> \overrightarrow{PA} </math> and <math> \overrightarrow{PB} </math> at points <math> Q </math> and <math> R </math>, respectively. Find the perimeter of <math> \triangle PQR </math>.
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Two tangents from an external point <math>P</math> are drawn to a circle and intersect it at <math>A</math> and <math>B</math>.  A third tangent meets the circle at <math>T</math>, and the tangents <math>\overrightarrow{PA}</math> and <math>\overrightarrow{PB}</math> at points <math>Q</math> and <math>R</math>, respectively. Find the perimeter of <math>\triangle PQR</math>.
  
 
==== Other Intermediate Example Problems ====
 
==== Other Intermediate Example Problems ====

Revision as of 11:16, 27 April 2008

The Power of a Point Theorem expresses the relation between the lengths involved with the intersection of two lines between each other and their intersections with a circle.

Theorem

There are three possibilities as displayed in the figures below.

  1. The two lines are secants of the circle and intersect inside the circle (figure on the left). In this case, we have $AE\cdot CE = BE\cdot DE$.
  2. One of the lines is tangent to the circle while the other is a secant (middle figure). In this case, we have $AB^2 = BC\cdot BD$.
  3. Both lines are secants of the circle and intersect outside of it (figure on the right). In this case, we have $CB\cdot CA = CD\cdot CE.$
Pop.PNG

Alternate Formulation

This alternate formulation is much more compact, convenient, and general.

Consider a circle $O$ and a point $P$ in the plane where $P$ is not on the circle. Now draw a line through $P$ that intersects the circle in two places. The power of a point theorem says that the product of the length from $P$ to the first point of intersection and the length from $P$ to the second point of intersection is constant for any choice of a line through $P$ that intersects the circle. This constant is called the power of point $P$. For example, in the figure below \[PX^2=PA_1\cdot PB_1=PA_2\cdot PB_2=\cdots=PA_i\cdot PB_i\]

Popalt.PNG

Notice how this definition still works if $A_k$ and $B_k$ coincide (as is the case with $X$). Consider also when $P$ is inside the circle. The definition still holds in this case.

Additional Notes

One important result of this theorem is that both tangents from a point $P$ outside of a circle to that circle are equal in length.

The theorem generalizes to higher dimensions, as follows.

Let $P$ be a point, and let $S$ be an $n$-sphere. Let two arbitrary lines passing through $P$ intersect $S$ at $A_1,B_1;A_2,B_2$, respectively. Then \[PA_1\cdot PB_1=PA_2\cdot PB_2\]

Proof. We have already proven the theorem for a $1$-sphere (i.e., a circle), so it only remains to prove the theorem for more dimensions. Consider the plane $p$ containing both of the lines passing through $P$. The intersection of $P$ and $S$ must be a circle. If we consider the lines and $P$ with respect simply to that circle, then we have reduced our claim to the case of two dimensions, in which we know the theorem holds.

Problems

The problems are divided into three categories: introductory, intermediate, and olympiad.

Introductory

Problem 1

Find the value of $x$ in the following diagram:

Popprob1.PNG

Solution

Problem 2

Find the value of $x$ in the following diagram:

Popprob2.PNG

Solution

Problem 3

(ARML) In a circle, chords $AB$ and $CD$ intersect at $R$. If $AR:BR=1:4$ and $CR:DR=4:9$, find the ratio $AB:CD$.

Popprob3.PNG

Solution

Problem 4

(ARML) Chords $AB$ and $CD$ of a given circle are perpendicular to each other and intersect at a right angle. Given that $BE=16$, $DE=4$, and $AD=5$, find $CE$.

Solution

Intermediate

Problem 1

Two tangents from an external point $P$ are drawn to a circle and intersect it at $A$ and $B$. A third tangent meets the circle at $T$, and the tangents $\overrightarrow{PA}$ and $\overrightarrow{PB}$ at points $Q$ and $R$, respectively. Find the perimeter of $\triangle PQR$.

Other Intermediate Example Problems

See also

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