Plan ahead for the next school year. Schedule your class today!

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k a July Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jwelsh   0
Jul 1, 2025
We are halfway through summer, so be sure to carve out some time to keep your skills sharp and explore challenging topics at AoPS Online and our AoPS Academies (including the Virtual Campus)!

[list][*]Over 60 summer classes are starting at the Virtual Campus on July 7th - check out the math and language arts options for middle through high school levels.
[*]At AoPS Online, we have accelerated sections where you can complete a course in half the time by meeting twice/week instead of once/week, starting on July 8th:
[list][*]MATHCOUNTS/AMC 8 Basics
[*]MATHCOUNTS/AMC 8 Advanced
[*]AMC Problem Series[/list]
[*]Plus, AoPS Online has a special seminar July 14 - 17 that is outside the standard fare: Paradoxes and Infinity
[*]We are expanding our in-person AoPS Academy locations - are you looking for a strong community of problem solvers, exemplary instruction, and math and language arts options? Look to see if we have a location near you and enroll in summer camps or academic year classes today! New locations include campuses in California, Georgia, New York, Illinois, and Oregon and more coming soon![/list]

MOP (Math Olympiad Summer Program) just ended and the IMO (International Mathematical Olympiad) is right around the corner! This year’s IMO will be held in Australia, July 10th - 20th. Congratulations to all the MOP students for reaching this incredible level and best of luck to all selected to represent their countries at this year’s IMO! Did you know that, in the last 10 years, 59 USA International Math Olympiad team members have medaled and have taken over 360 AoPS Online courses. Take advantage of our Worldwide Online Olympiad Training (WOOT) courses
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Are you tired of the heat and thinking about Fall? You can plan your Fall schedule now with classes at either AoPS Online, AoPS Academy Virtual Campus, or one of our AoPS Academies around the US.

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0 replies
jwelsh
Jul 1, 2025
0 replies
Collatz Conjecture
Cpw945   3
N 10 minutes ago by ohiorizzler1434
Source: "Collatz Conjecture Confirmed Through Connectivity of Odd and 8mod12 Positive Integers" on viXra
Hello everyone! I am a college student who has created a potential proof for the Collatz Conjecture, which I have posted on Vixra, under the title “Collatz Conjecture Confirmed by Connectivity of Odds and 8mod12 Positive Integers”. It is in Section 2507, under the name Chloe Williams. Feel free to check it out and tell me if my solution idea would work. The link for my paper is down below.

https://vixra.org/abs/2507.0020
3 replies
Cpw945
Yesterday at 8:56 PM
ohiorizzler1434
10 minutes ago
sequence
am_11235...   3
N an hour ago by Alphaamss
Let $f:[a,b]\to [a,b]$ be a function such that $|f(x)-f(y)|\leq |x-y|$ for all $x,y\in [a,b]$. Prove that the sequence $\{x_n\}$ defined by $x_{n+1}=\frac{x_n+f(x_n)}{2}$ converges to a fixed point of $f$.
3 replies
am_11235...
Mar 19, 2017
Alphaamss
an hour ago
Inequalities
sqing   15
N 4 hours ago by sqing
Let $ x,y \geq 0 ,  \frac{x}{x^2+y}+\frac{y}{x+y^2} \geq 2 .$ Prove that
$$ (x-\frac{1}{2})^2+(y+\frac{1}{2})^2 \leq \frac{5}{4} $$$$ (x-1)^2+(y+1)^2 \leq  \frac{13}{4} $$$$ (x-2)^2+(y+2)^2 \leq \frac{41}{4} $$$$ (x-\frac{1}{2})^2+(y+1)^2 \leq \frac{5}{2}  $$$$ (x-1)^2+(y+2)^2 \leq  \frac{29}{4} $$$$ (x-\frac{1}{2})^2+(y+2)^2 \leq \frac{13}{2}  $$
15 replies
sqing
Jun 6, 2025
sqing
4 hours ago
2001 TAMU - Best Student Exam - Texas A&M University HS Mathematics Contest
parmenides51   10
N 4 hours ago by aaravdodhia
p1. Find the area of an equilateral triangle which is inscribed in a circle of area $\pi$ .


p2. The probability that Patty passes a driving test is $p$ and the probability that she fails is $6p^2$ . Find the value $p$ .


p3. A cylindrical can without a top holds $100$ cm$^3$ of a liquid when completely full. The radius of the base of the can is $r$ cm. Express the surface area of the can in square centimeters as a function of $r$ ,


p4. If $x $, $2x+2$ , $3x+3$,$...$ are nonzero terms in a geometric progression (geometric sequence), what is the fourth term?


p5. The numbers in the figure shown below are called triangular numbers:
IMAGE
Let $a_n$ be the $n$ th triangular number, with $a_1 = 1$, $a_2 = 3$, $a_3 = 6$ etc. What is $a^2_n - a^2_{n-1}$ ?


p6. Let $P$ be the point $(3, 2)$ . Let $Q$ be the reflection of $P$ about the $x$-axis, $R$ the reflection of $Q$ about the line $y = -x$ and $S$ the reflection of $R$ through the origin. $PQRS$ is a convex quadrilateral. Find its area.


p7. Find the minimum value of $f(x) = 2|2x-1| - |3x-1|+|4x-3|$ on the interval $[0, 1]$ .


p8. A regular dodecagon ($12$ sides) is inscribed in a circle of radius $r$ inches. What is the area of the dodecagon in square inches?


p9. Let $S = \{a, b, c, d, e\}$ . Find $\sum_{A \subseteq S} n(A)$ , where $n(A)$ is the number of elements in the set $A$.


p10. The sum of two numbers is $4$ and their product is $1$. Find the sum of their cubes.


p11. Triangle $ABC$ is a right triangle, $D$ is a point on the leg $BC$ and $E$ is the foot of the perpendicular from $D$ to the hypotenuse $AB$ . If the segments $AC$ , $AE$ and $EB$ are $10$, $14$ and $12$ respectively, find the length of segment $BD$.
IMAGE


p12. The batting average for a baseball player is determined by dividing his total number of hits for the season by his total number of official at bats for the season. A baseball player had an average of $0.250$ prior to his game yesterday. The player had $0$ hits in $4$ official at bats in his game yesterday and his average dropped to $0.2475$. How many hits does this player have for the season?


p13. If $f$ is twice continuously differentiable, find $\lim_{h\to 0^+}\frac{f(a +\sqrt{h}) - 2f(a) + f(a-\sqrt{h})}{h}$.


p14. Let $w$ be a solution to $x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 = 0$ . Find $w^{14}$ .


p15. Let $s$ be the limiting sum of the series $4 - \frac83 + \frac{16}{9}- \frac{32}{27}+ ...$ .Then $s$ equals ?


p16. Any five points are taken inside or on a square of side length $1$. Let $a$ be the smallest possible number with the property that it is always possible to select one pair of points from these five such that the distance between them is less than or equal to $a$ . What is the value of $a$ ?


p17. Let $n$ be the number of pairs of numbers $b$ and $c$ such that $3x + by + c = 0$ and $cx - 2y + 12 = 0$ have the same graph. Find $n$ .


p18. Find three integers which form a geometric progression if their sum is $21$ and the sum of their reciprocals is $\frac{7}{12}$.


p19. $$\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\sqrt{x^2 + 3x}0\sqrt{x^2 - 3x}}{\sqrt{x^2 + 9x}-\sqrt{x^2 -9x}}=$$

p20. Suppose that $x$ satisfies the equation $\sin 2x - \cos 3x = 0$ . Find the smallest possible value of $\cos x$.


p21. Among all ordered pairs of real numbers $(x, y)$ which satisfy $x^4 + y^4 = x^2 + y^2$ ,what is the largest value of $x$ ?



PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected here.
10 replies
parmenides51
Mar 23, 2022
aaravdodhia
4 hours ago
Inequalities
sqing   8
N 4 hours ago by sqing
Let $ a,b,c $ be real numbers . Prove that
$$- \frac{64(9+2\sqrt{21})}{9} \leq \frac {(ab-4)(bc-4)(ca-4) } {(a^2+a +1)(b^2+b +1)(c^2+c +1)}\leq \frac{16}{9}$$$$- \frac{8(436+79\sqrt{31})}{27} \leq  \frac {(ab-5)(bc-5)(ca-5) } {(a^2+a +1)(b^2+b +1)(c^2+c +1)}\leq \frac{25}{12}$$
8 replies
sqing
Jul 6, 2025
sqing
4 hours ago
linear congruence [Original problem]
aaa12345   1
N Today at 12:00 AM by mathprodigy2011
Find the sum of all positive integers $n$ such that $n \le 60$ and the congruence \[an \equiv 1  \pmod {60}\]has integer solutions for $a.$
Answer
Solution
1 reply
aaa12345
Monday at 1:58 PM
mathprodigy2011
Today at 12:00 AM
remainder mod 49 [2019 Sipnayan SHS]
aaa12345   1
N Yesterday at 11:59 PM by mathprodigy2011
Let $R$ be the remainder when $6^{83}+8^{83}$ is divided by $49$. Find the product of the digits of $R.$
Answer
Solution
Source: 2019 Sipnayan SHS Orals/Finals A-Potato
1 reply
aaa12345
Monday at 2:04 PM
mathprodigy2011
Yesterday at 11:59 PM
A Simple Observation That Connects Two Goldbach Conjectures
PrimeThinker10   7
N Yesterday at 6:38 PM by aaravdodhia
Hello everyone,

My name is Sama, and I am a 10th-grade student from Azerbaijan who enjoys exploring number theory in my free time.

Recently, I came up with a small conjecture inspired by Goldbach’s work:

For any odd number X > 5,

X = (X - 3)/2 + (X + 3)/2

Let a = (X - 3)/2 and b = (X + 3)/2. Then, either both a and b are primes, or they can be expressed as sums of primes.

This seems to create a small bridge between Goldbach's Weak Conjecture (which is proven) and the Strong Conjecture (still open).

I would appreciate your insights — has something similar been studied or discussed before?

Thank you for reading!

— PrimeThinker10
7 replies
PrimeThinker10
Yesterday at 1:14 PM
aaravdodhia
Yesterday at 6:38 PM
Clarification about area of region bounded by curves
pie854   1
N Yesterday at 6:09 PM by greenturtle3141
Suppose we want to find the area of the region defined by $a_1\leq xy\leq a_2$ and $b_1\leq x/y \leq b_2$. Assuming $a_1,b_1>0$, I think there are going to be two such regions with equal area (corresponding to $x,y>0$ and $x,y<0$).

When I use a transition map and change the variables, the value of the integral I get is only half of the actual area (corresponding to $x,y>0$?). So, what I want to know is: is the formula $$\iint_{R} f(x,y) \ dx \ dy=\iint_{R'} f(u,v) |det(J_T)| \ du \ dv$$implicitly assuming there's only one region? And, how do I use it so that it always gives the complete region, without me having to look at the graphs?

P.S. If I let $u=xy$, $v=x/y$ then $(x,y)=(\pm \sqrt{uv}, \pm \sqrt{u/v})$. So, I think I have to consider two maps $T_1(u,v)=(\sqrt{uv},\sqrt{u/v})$ and $T_2(u,v)=(-\sqrt{uv},-\sqrt{u/v})$ and then add up the two integrals $T_1$ and $T_2$ give. Is it alright?
1 reply
pie854
Yesterday at 11:31 AM
greenturtle3141
Yesterday at 6:09 PM
15th PMO Area Stage I #9
yes45   2
N Yesterday at 5:35 PM by neeyakkid23
Consider an acute triangle with angles $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $\gamma$ opposite the sides $a$, $b$, $c$, respectively. If $\sin{\alpha} = \frac{3}{5}$ and $\cos{\beta} = \frac{5}{13}$, evaluate $\frac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{ab}$.

Answer

Solution
2 replies
yes45
Yesterday at 3:34 PM
neeyakkid23
Yesterday at 5:35 PM
Rotating a Right Triangle
4everwise   2
N Yesterday at 5:18 PM by neeyakkid23
When a right triangle is rotated about one leg, the volume of the cone produced is $800 \pi$ $\text{cm}^3$. When the triangle is rotated about the other leg, the volume of the cone produced is $1920 \pi$ $\text{cm}^3$. What is the length (in cm) of the hypotenuse of the triangle?
2 replies
4everwise
Feb 1, 2006
neeyakkid23
Yesterday at 5:18 PM
a sufficient condition for nilpotence
CatalinBordea   3
N Yesterday at 4:26 PM by Filipjack
Source: Romanian District Olympiad 2015, Grade XII, Problem 4
Let $ m $ be a non-negative ineger, $ n\ge 2 $ be a natural number, $ A $ be a ring which has exactly $ n $ elements, and an element $ a $ of $ A $ such that $ 1-a^k $ is invertible, for all $ k\in\{ m+1,m+2,...,m+n-1\} . $
Prove that $ a $ is nilpotent.
3 replies
CatalinBordea
Sep 26, 2018
Filipjack
Yesterday at 4:26 PM
a trigonometry problem
jollyman   3
N Yesterday at 3:53 PM by jollyman
Given $A+B+C+D=\frac{2\pi}{3}$ and $\frac{\sin A}{\sin B} = \frac{\sin C}{\sin D}$, prove that
$$ \frac{\sin (A + \pi/6)}{\sin (B+ \pi/6)} = \frac{\sin (C+ \pi/6)}{\sin (D+ \pi/6)}. $$
3 replies
jollyman
Yesterday at 8:02 AM
jollyman
Yesterday at 3:53 PM
Mathematics
Yoyotravislamar   1
N Yesterday at 3:51 PM by Kempu33334
The question is:- for a,b,c,d>0 prove that square root of((a²+b²+c²+d²)/4) greater than or equal to cube root of((abc +abd+acd+bcd)/4). It is the question on page 179 of Arthur Engel's book problem solving strategies. What I tried was using the A.P. and G.P. relationship but then the cube root is giving problem. I then thought of first cubing both sides then squaring but then the L.H.S is coming to the power 6. Please solve it.
1 reply
Yoyotravislamar
Monday at 7:46 PM
Kempu33334
Yesterday at 3:51 PM
Log Integral with zeta function
Entrepreneur   1
N Jun 7, 2025 by Entrepreneur
Source: Instagram
$$\color{blue}{\int_0^1\ln^3x\left(\frac{\ln(1-x)}{1-x}-\frac{2\ln(1+x)}{1+x}\right)dx=\frac 98\zeta(5).}$$
1 reply
Entrepreneur
Dec 14, 2024
Entrepreneur
Jun 7, 2025
Log Integral with zeta function
G H J
G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
Source: Instagram
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Entrepreneur
1182 posts
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$$\color{blue}{\int_0^1\ln^3x\left(\frac{\ln(1-x)}{1-x}-\frac{2\ln(1+x)}{1+x}\right)dx=\frac 98\zeta(5).}$$
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Entrepreneur
1182 posts
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Y by
Found few more cool ones.
$$\color{blue}{\int_0^\infty\frac{dx}{x^2+\sqrt{1+x^4}}=\frac{1}{6\sqrt\pi}\Gamma^2\left(\frac{1}{4}\right).}$$$$\color{blue}{\lim_{x\to\infty}xe^{x^2}\int_x^\infty e^{-t^2}dt=\lim_{x\to\infty}xe^{-x^2}\int_0^x e^{t^2}dt=\frac 12.}$$$$\color{blue}{\int_0^{\pi/2}\cos\left(2s\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{\ln\cos x}\right)\right)\frac{dx}{(x^2+\ln^2(\cos x))^s}=\frac{\pi}{2\ln^{2s}2}.}$$$$\color{blue}{\int_0^{\pi/2}\sqrt[8]{x^2+\ln^2(\cos x)}\sqrt{\frac 12+\frac 12\sqrt{\frac 12+\frac 12\sqrt{\frac{\ln^2(\cos x)}{x^2+\ln^2(\cos x)}}}}dx=\frac{\pi\sqrt[4]{\ln 2}}{2}.}$$$$\color{blue}{\int_0^{\pi/2}\frac{1}{\sqrt[8]{x^2+\ln^2(\cos x)}}\sqrt{\frac 12+\frac 12\sqrt{\frac 12+\frac 12\sqrt{\frac{\ln^2(\cos x)}{x^2+\ln^2(\cos x)}}}}dx=\frac{\pi}{2\sqrt[4]{\ln 2}}.}$$$$\color{blue}{\int_0^{\pi/2}\frac{\ln\cos x}{\tan x}\ln\left(\frac{\ln^2(\sin x)}{\pi^2+\ln^2(\sin x)}\right)dx=\frac 32\zeta(2).}$$$$\color{blue}{\int_0^{\pi/2}\frac{\ln\cos x}{\tan x}\ln\left(\frac{\ln^2(\cos x)}{\pi^2+\ln^2(\sin x)}\right)dx=\zeta(2).}$$$$\color{blue}{\int_0^{\pi/2}\frac{\ln\cos x}{\tan^2x}\ln\left(\frac{\ln^2(\cos x)}{\pi^2+\ln^2(\sin x)}\right)dx=3\zeta(3).}$$$$\color{blue}{\prod_{n=1}^\infty(1-e^{-\pi n})=\frac{\sqrt[4]{\pi}}{\sqrt[8]{8}\Gamma(3/4)}e^{\pi/24}.}$$$$\color{blue}{\prod_{n=1}^\infty(1-e^{-2\pi n})=\frac{\sqrt[4]{\pi}}{\sqrt{2}\Gamma(3/4)}e^{\pi/12}.}$$$$\color{blue}{\prod_{n=1}^\infty(1-e^{-4\pi n})=\frac{\sqrt[8]{2}\sqrt[4]{\pi}}{2\Gamma(3/4)}e^{\pi/6}.}$$$$\color{blue}{\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{(-1)^n(2n+1)!}{4^{2n+3}n!(n+2)!}=\frac{13}{8}-\phi.}$$
This post has been edited 4 times. Last edited by Entrepreneur, Jun 8, 2025, 10:03 AM
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