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Sequence interesting problem
vickyricky   10
N an hour ago by kamatadu
Let $ a_{0} =1$ and $ b_{0} =1$ . Define $a_{n} , b_{n} $ for $ n\ge 1$ as $a_{n}=a_{n-1}+2b_{n-1} $ , $b_{n}=a_{n-1}+b_{n-1} $ . Prove that $\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{a_n}{b_n}$ exists and find it's value .
10 replies
vickyricky
Jun 6, 2020
kamatadu
an hour ago
Very nice Darboux epsilon-delta
CatalinBordea   1
N an hour ago by QQQ43
Source: Romanian National Olympiad 2000, Grade XI, Problem 4
Let $ f:\mathbb{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{R} $ be a function that satisfies the conditions:
$ \text{(i)}\quad \lim_{x\to\infty} (f\circ f) (x) =\infty =-\lim_{x\to -\infty} (f\circ f) (x) $
$ \text{(ii)}\quad f $ has Darboux’s property

a) Prove that the limits of $ f $ at $ \pm\infty $ exist.
b) Is possible for the limits from a) to be finite?
1 reply
CatalinBordea
Oct 2, 2018
QQQ43
an hour ago
Most Evil and Brutal Integral Ever Officially Proposed for an Integration Bee
Silver08   3
N 2 hours ago by Silver08
Source: UK University Integration Bee 2024-2025 Round 2 Relay (Singapore)
Compute: \[ \int_{1}^{2}e^{x( x+\sqrt{x^2-1} )}dx \]
3 replies
Silver08
Mar 6, 2025
Silver08
2 hours ago
IMC 2018 P4
ThE-dArK-lOrD   17
N 4 hours ago by sangsidhya
Source: IMC 2018 P4
Find all differentiable functions $f:(0,\infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ such that
$$f(b)-f(a)=(b-a)f’(\sqrt{ab}) \qquad \text{for all}\qquad a,b>0.$$
Proposed by Orif Ibrogimov, National University of Uzbekistan
17 replies
ThE-dArK-lOrD
Jul 24, 2018
sangsidhya
4 hours ago
f(x)=x-xe^(-1/x)
Sayan   6
N 4 hours ago by kamatadu
Source: ISI (BS) 2006 #6
(a) Let $f(x)=x-xe^{-\frac1x}, \ \ x>0$. Show that $f(x)$ is an increasing function on $(0,\infty)$, and $\lim_{x\to\infty} f(x)=1$.

(b) Using part (a) or otherwise, draw graphs of $y=x-1, y=x, y=x+1$, and $y=xe^{-\frac{1}{|x|}}$ for $-\infty<x<\infty$ using the same $X$ and $Y$ axes.
6 replies
Sayan
Jun 2, 2012
kamatadu
4 hours ago
Square of a rational matrix of dimension 2
loup blanc   7
N Today at 11:53 AM by ysharifi
The following exercise was posted -two months ago- on the Website StackExchange; cf.
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/5006488/image-of-the-squaring-function-on-mathcalm-2-mathbbq
There was no solution on Stack.

-Statement of the exercise-
We consider the matrix function $f:X\in M_2(\mathbb{Q})\mapsto X^2\in M_2(\mathbb{Q})$.
Find the image of $f$.
In other words, give a method to decide whether a given matrix has or does not have at least a square root
in $M_2(\mathbb{Q})$; if the answer is yes, then give a method to calculate at least one of its roots.
7 replies
loup blanc
Feb 17, 2025
ysharifi
Today at 11:53 AM
find the isomorphism
nguyenalex   10
N Today at 11:38 AM by Royrik123456
I have the following exercise:

Let $E$ be an algebraic extension of $K$, and let $F$ be an algebraic closure of $K$ containing $E$. Prove that if $\sigma : E \to F$ is an embedding such that $\sigma(c) = c$ for all $c \in K$, then $\sigma$ extends to an automorphism of $F$.

My attempt:

Theorem (*): Suppose that $E$ is an algebraic extension of the field $K$, $F$ is an algebraically closed field, and $\sigma: K \to F$ is an embedding. Then, there exists an embedding $\tau: E \to F$ that extends $\sigma$. Moreover, if $E$ is an algebraic closure of $K$ and $F$ is an algebraic extension of $\sigma(K)$, then $\tau$ is an isomorphism.

Back to our main problem:

Since $K \subset E$ and $F$ is an algebraic extension of $K$, it follows that $F$ is an algebraic extension of $E$. Assume that there exists an embedding $\sigma : E \to F$ such that $\sigma(c) = c$ for all $c \in K$. By Theorem (*), there exists an embedding $\tau : F \to F$ that extends $\sigma$. Since $F$ is algebraically closed, $\tau(F)$ is also an algebraically closed field.

Furthermore, because $\sigma(c) = c$ for all $c \in K$ and $\tau$ is an extension of $\sigma$, we have
$$K = \sigma(K) \subset K \subset \sigma(E) \subset \tau(F) \subset F.$$
This implies that $F$ is an algebraic extension of $\tau(F)$. We conclude that $F = \tau(F)$, meaning that $\tau$ is an automorphism. (Finished!!)

Let choose $F = A$ be the field of algebraic numbers, $K=\mathbb{Q}$. Consider the embedding $\sigma: \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2}) \to \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2}) \subset A$ defined by
$$
a + b\sqrt{2} \mapsto a - b\sqrt{2}.
$$Then, according to the exercise above, $\sigma$ extends to an isomorphism
$$
\bar{\sigma}: A \to A.
$$How should we interpret $\bar{\sigma}$?
10 replies
nguyenalex
Yesterday at 3:58 PM
Royrik123456
Today at 11:38 AM
Generating functions and recursions smelling from 1000 km
Assassino9931   12
N Today at 11:22 AM by sangsidhya
Source: IMC 2022 Day 1 Problem 3
Let $p$ be a prime number. A flea is staying at point $0$ of the real line. At each minute,
the flea has three possibilities: to stay at its position, or to move by $1$ to the left or to the right.
After $p-1$ minutes, it wants to be at $0$ again. Denote by $f(p)$ the number of its strategies to do this
(for example, $f(3) = 3$: it may either stay at $0$ for the entire time, or go to the left and then to the
right, or go to the right and then to the left). Find $f(p)$ modulo $p$.
12 replies
Assassino9931
Aug 5, 2022
sangsidhya
Today at 11:22 AM
ISI 2018 #3
integrated_JRC   34
N Today at 7:08 AM by anudeep
Source: ISI 2018 B.Stat / B.Math Entrance Exam
Let $f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ be a continuous function such that for all $x\in\mathbb{R}$ and for all $t\geqslant 0$, $$f(x)=f(e^tx)$$Show that $f$ is a constant function.
34 replies
integrated_JRC
May 13, 2018
anudeep
Today at 7:08 AM
Integration Bee Kaizo
Calcul8er   40
N Today at 7:07 AM by Figaro
Hey integration fans. I decided to collate some of my favourite and most evil integrals I've written into one big integration bee problem set. I've been entering integration bees since 2017 and I've been really getting hands on with the writing side of things over the last couple of years. I hope you'll enjoy!
40 replies
Calcul8er
Mar 2, 2025
Figaro
Today at 7:07 AM
k Pre-Algebra Marathon
StarGalaxy457   3507
N Jul 2, 2019 by numbercrunch
Hi!
This is a Pre-Algebra Marathon and I would like to ask you to enter your answers with [code]S[#ofproblem][/code] and problems with [code]P[#ofproblem][/code].
Sorry if it is had to understand cause this is my first time posting.
Also, I would be more than glad if someone messaged me on how to use LaTex.

Here's the first problem: [code]P1[/code] Click to reveal hidden text
3507 replies
StarGalaxy457
Aug 15, 2015
numbercrunch
Jul 2, 2019
Pre-Algebra Marathon
G H J
G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
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StarGalaxy457
6 posts
#1 • 40 Y
Y by jonyj1005, brainpopper, math101010, econaxis, chessdude2015, Cardinals2014, Kwow, boompenguinz, sw993, Altamira140, nihao4112, bigmath, MathArt4, claserken, wlm2, Math-Ninja, pifinity, Carpemath, TheEvaluator, nsd08, fry8, JDejesus, cardesigner06, Jomity, MrMustache, surferdude11, foxtrot3, NoDealsHere, FIREDRAGONMATH16, Lcz, mathleticguyyy, asdf334, dori_vinnie, os31415, OlympusHero, capitanhanbo, samrocksnature, challengeitmath, Adventure10, Mango247
Hi!
This is a Pre-Algebra Marathon and I would like to ask you to enter your answers with
S[#ofproblem]
and problems with
P[#ofproblem]
.
Sorry if it is had to understand cause this is my first time posting.
Also, I would be more than glad if someone messaged me on how to use LaTex.

Here's the first problem:
P1
Click to reveal hidden text
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by StarGalaxy457, Aug 15, 2015, 10:06 AM
Reason: I edited the post because I was fixing some minor things
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hotstuffFTW
3233 posts
#2 • 15 Y
Y by Kwow, Einsteinhead, bigmath, pifinity, Math-Ninja, foxtrot3, k2005, fry8, AnimalLover111, NoDealsHere, Bewitched, Carpemath, Bb6ii, samrocksnature, Adventure10
Instead of doing
P1
Click to reveal hidden text,
it would be easier to do: P1
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by hotstuffFTW, Aug 15, 2015, 1:30 PM
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math129
700 posts
#3 • 7 Y
Y by Math-Ninja, NoDealsHere, amazingguysofguys, Bb6ii, samrocksnature, Adventure10, Mango247
S1
P2
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math129
700 posts
#4 • 8 Y
Y by foxtrot3, fry8, NoDealsHere, Bb6ii, aopsmathabc, samrocksnature, Adventure10, Mango247
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php/LaTeX:About

You can explore around this site if you want help with latex.
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pican
679 posts
#5 • 5 Y
Y by NoDealsHere, Bb6ii, samrocksnature, Adventure10, Mango247
S2

P3
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doitsudoitsu
1415 posts
#6 • 5 Y
Y by NoDealsHere, Bb6ii, samrocksnature, Adventure10, Mango247
S3
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ninjasrule34
1120 posts
#7 • 5 Y
Y by NoDealsHere, Bb6ii, samrocksnature, Adventure10, Mango247
doitsudoitsu, that question was way too hard. >.<
S4

P5
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Reason: typo
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math129
700 posts
#8 • 6 Y
Y by shivemf, NoDealsHere, Bb6ii, samrocksnature, Adventure10, Mango247
S5
P6
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ninjasrule34
1120 posts
#9 • 5 Y
Y by Bb6ii, NoDealsHere, samrocksnature, Adventure10, Mango247
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P7
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oceanair
971 posts
#10 • 4 Y
Y by NoDealsHere, samrocksnature, Adventure10, Mango247
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funfeet
115 posts
#11 • 2 Y
Y by samrocksnature, Adventure10
S8
P9
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CurryinaHurry
212 posts
#12 • 3 Y
Y by samrocksnature, Adventure10, Mango247
S9

P10
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budu
1515 posts
#13 • 6 Y
Y by gibburlabbur, sw993, Math-Ninja, samrocksnature, Adventure10, Mango247
S10

P10
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Pythag314
424 posts
#14 • 2 Y
Y by samrocksnature, Adventure10
A thread like this already exists. However, that one is a beginning Pre-Algebra Marathon so this one should be an Advanced Pre-Algebra Marathon
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Pythag314, Aug 15, 2015, 11:24 PM
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Robo_J
157 posts
#15 • 2 Y
Y by samrocksnature, Adventure10
Should i start a algebra marathon?
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