Older ISL Combo (collab with Champion999)
by DeathLlama9, Apr 16, 2017, 12:26 AM
2004 ISL C5 wrote:
Let
be a positive integer. Two players Alice and Bob take turns to write numbers from the set
on a blackboard. Alice begins the game by writing
on her first move. If a player has written
on a certain move, the adversary is then allowed to write either
or
(provided the number does not exceed
). The player who writes
wins. We say that
is of type A or type B according to whether Alice or Bob has a winning strategy.
(a) Determine whether
is of type A or type B.
(b) Find the least
whose type is different from the type of 2004.









(a) Determine whether

(b) Find the least

Solution
LEMMA 1: All odd positive integers are of type A.
Note that Alice's winning strategy is simply adding one to each number she receives. Note that Bob must begin by writing the number two. Alice can then ensure that Bob will always write an even number by writing Bob's number plus one - this number will be odd, so Bob can only add one (making the number even) or double the number (again making it even). Therefore, Alice can ensure that she will only write odd numbers and that Bob will only write even numbers, meaning that Bob cannot win for odd
. Therefore, all odd positive integers are of type A.
LEMMA 2:
and
are of the same type as
.
Note that the player who has a winning strategy for
will always have winning strategies for
and
, as detailed below.
For
, this player's winning strategy is as follows: if the other player writes down
, they can write down
. Since
, all moves from here on out must be adding one to the number. Therefore, this player will write down all even numbers larger than
, ensuring that they will write
. If the other player writes
, they can write
.
For
, this player's winning strategy is as follows: if the other player writes down
, they can write down
. Since
, all moves from here on out must be adding one to the number. Therefore, this player will write down all even numbers larger than
, ensuring that they will write
. If the other player writes down
, they can write down
. The other player then must write
, ensuring that the original player will be able to write down
.
Therefore, the player who has a winning strategy for
will always have winning strategies for
and
, as detailed below.
Using these two lemmas, I claim that a positive integer
is of type B if and only if its base-four binary representation consists only of even digits. Clearly, odd numbers will have a base-four binary representation that contains odd digits, making them all type A. Note that any even positive integer
can be expressed in the form
or
for some positive integer
. Note that
. This means that
is the number formed by truncating the last digit of the base-four representation of
. If this number ends in an odd digit, then it is odd and the number is of type A. Otherwise, we can continuously repeat the process. The number will only be of type
its first digit is
and all other digits are even, as otherwise the process can be continued until we reach the first odd digit (reading from the right), making
odd and
type A. Therefore, a positive integer
is of type B if and only if its base-four binary representation consists only of even digits.
By our claim, since the first digit of
in base four is
,
is not of type B, so it is of type A. The least
that is type B is
, as desired.
Note that Alice's winning strategy is simply adding one to each number she receives. Note that Bob must begin by writing the number two. Alice can then ensure that Bob will always write an even number by writing Bob's number plus one - this number will be odd, so Bob can only add one (making the number even) or double the number (again making it even). Therefore, Alice can ensure that she will only write odd numbers and that Bob will only write even numbers, meaning that Bob cannot win for odd

LEMMA 2:



Note that the player who has a winning strategy for



For








For










Therefore, the player who has a winning strategy for



Using these two lemmas, I claim that a positive integer













By our claim, since the first digit of





Tidbit
Hm if people are interested I could try to post a transcript of my conversation with Champion999 in the comments