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k a April Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Apr 2, 2025
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0 replies
jlacosta
Apr 2, 2025
0 replies
Number Theory Chain!
JetFire008   12
N 14 minutes ago by maromex
I will post a question and someone has to answer it. Then they have to post a question and someone else will answer it and so on. We can only post questions related to Number Theory and each problem should be more difficult than the previous. Let's start!

Question 1
12 replies
JetFire008
Today at 7:14 AM
maromex
14 minutes ago
Random modulos
m4thbl3nd3r   4
N 28 minutes ago by vi144
Find all pair of integers $(x,y)$ s.t $x^2+3=y^7$
4 replies
1 viewing
m4thbl3nd3r
Today at 6:26 AM
vi144
28 minutes ago
functional equation
hanzo.ei   1
N 42 minutes ago by hanzo.ei
Consider two functions \( f, g : \mathbb{N}^* \to \mathbb{N}^* \) satisfying the condition
\[
2f(n)^2 = n^2 + g(n)^2 \quad \text{for all } n \in \mathbb{N}^*.
\]Prove that if \( |f(n) - n| \leq 2024\sqrt{n} \) for all \( n \in \mathbb{N}^* \), then \( f \) has infinitely many fixed points.
1 reply
hanzo.ei
Yesterday at 3:59 PM
hanzo.ei
42 minutes ago
Lines pass through a common point
April   4
N an hour ago by Nari_Tom
Source: Baltic Way 2008, Problem 18
Let $ AB$ be a diameter of a circle $ S$, and let $ L$ be the tangent at $ A$. Furthermore, let $ c$ be a fixed, positive real, and consider all pairs of points $ X$ and $ Y$ lying on $ L$, on opposite sides of $ A$, such that $ |AX|\cdot |AY| = c$. The lines $ BX$ and $ BY$ intersect $ S$ at points $ P$ and $ Q$, respectively. Show that all the lines $ PQ$ pass through a common point.
4 replies
April
Nov 23, 2008
Nari_Tom
an hour ago
No more topics!
ABC vs. UVW Theorem
bitrak   20
N Apr 19, 2016 by arqady
ABC vs. UVW Theorem
We can download two files and comment for these two theorems, techniques of
solving inequalities.

https://onedrive.live.com/redir?resid=905BA10DA4AF12DE!180&authkey=!AI9hcEosit5Y7dY&ithint=folder%2c
20 replies
bitrak
Apr 14, 2016
arqady
Apr 19, 2016
ABC vs. UVW Theorem
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bitrak
935 posts
#1 • 2 Y
Y by mudok, Adventure10
ABC vs. UVW Theorem
We can download two files and comment for these two theorems, techniques of
solving inequalities.

https://onedrive.live.com/redir?resid=905BA10DA4AF12DE!180&authkey=!AI9hcEosit5Y7dY&ithint=folder%2c
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mudok
3377 posts
#2 • 3 Y
Y by bitrak, bararobertandrei, Adventure10
I think there are many mathlinkers from Vietnam. I hope someone will translate ABC theorem to english.
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bitrak
935 posts
#3 • 3 Y
Y by yassinelbk007, Adventure10, Mango247
Yes, that's good idea. If we have english variant of ABC theorem,
then we have one more tool for solving inequalities.
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bitrak
935 posts
#4 • 3 Y
Y by mudok, Adventure10, Mango247
Here are English variant of
3 theorems and 4 consequences of ABC Method and
one my comment from facebook group " mathematical inequalities "
Attachments:
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by bitrak, Apr 14, 2016, 8:24 AM
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abnunc
165 posts
#5 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Could someone please explain me why do we have the condition that two of $u,v$ and $w$ must be fixed for it to happen, because in the proof I don't see where we use it
Quote:
We’ll use something from the earlier proofs(The lemma from the UVW-theorem plus the positivity theorem): There exists $a, b, c >= 0$ corresponding to $u$, $v^2$,$ w^3$ if and only if $-(w^3 - 3*u*v^2 + 2*u^3)^2 + 4(u^2-v^2)^3,u,v^2,w^3 >= 0$ (Hence $u,v^2 >= 0$, and we will implicitly assume $w^3 >= 0$ in the following.). Setting $x = w^3$ it is equivalent to $p(x) = A*x^2 +B*x+C >= 0$ for some $A,B,C \in R$. (Remember we have fixed $u,v^2$) Since $A = -1$ we see $A < 0$. Since there exists $x \in  R$ such that $p(x) >= 0$ and obviously $p(x) < 0$ for sufficiently large $x$, we conclude that it must have at least one positive root. Let α be the largest positive root, then it is obvious that $p(x) <$ p(α) =$0$ where $x >$ α. That is: The biggest value $x$ can attain is α, so $x = w^3 <=$ α. This can be attained by the previous proof, and it does so only when two of $a, b, c$ are equal (because $(a-b)*(b-c)*(c-a) = 0$). Let β be the smallest positive root of $p(x)$.If $p(x)<0$ when $x \in $[0;β) then $x$ is at least β and $x=w^3 >=$β,with equality only if two of $a,b,c$ are equal, since $(a-b)*(b-c)*(c-a) = 0$. If $p(x) >= 0$ when $x \in$ [0;β) then $x=w^3 >=0$ with equality when one of $a,b,c$ are zero,since $w^3 =abc=0$.
and in the problems some use it even if no two of them are fixed.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by abnunc, Apr 15, 2016, 1:52 PM
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abnunc
165 posts
#6 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
Finally edited it
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Misha57
395 posts
#8 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
In this form of theorem ABC there is nothing said about conditions on $u,v^2,w^3$ so we can only use it when proving inequalities for all! non-negative $a,b,c$.If you still don't believe that read the "proof" of following inequality using ABC theorem:
Let $a,b,c$ be non-negative reals such that $abc(a-b)^2(b-c)^2(a-c)^2=24$ Prove that $abc<4$:
"Proof":
By ABC theorem since this inequality is linear of w^3 we only need to check when $a=b$ or $a=0$ .In these cases we have $0=abc(a-b)^2(b-c)^2(c-a)^2=24==>1=0==>abc=abc-[abc]-100<4$.Done!


So you can not use ABC theorem not looking on what kind of conditions are on $u,v^2,w^3$!
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Misha57
395 posts
#9 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Also,I ran through google translate what in this article is called ABC upgrade:
i) Cho a,b,c đồng thời là các số thực hoặc là các số thực dương. Khi đó nếu đại lượng abc,a + b + c đã
được cho trước (nghĩa là đã được cố định sẵn) thì ab + bc + ca sẽ đạt giá trị lớn nhất và nhỏ nhất khi có hai trong ba biến a,b,c bằng nhau.
ii) Cho a,b,c đồng thời là các số thực dương. Khi đó nếu đại lượng abc,ab + bc + ca đã được cho trước (nghĩa là đã được cố định sẵn) thì a + b + c sẽ đạt giá trị nhỏ nhất khi có hai trong ba biến a,b,c bằng nahou.
<======>
<======>
i) Let a, b, c are real numbers and positive real numbers either. Meanwhile, if the quantity abc, a + b + c has
be given (that is available has been fixed), then ab + bc + ca will achieve maximum value and minimum when two of the three variables a, b, c are equal.
ii) Let a, b, c and are positive real numbers. Meanwhile, if the quantity abc, ab + bc + ca has been given (that is available has been fixed), then a + b + c will reach the minimum value when two of the three variables a, b, c are equal .

Which is actually exactly $uvw$ method!
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bitrak
935 posts
#10 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
Do you saw solved examples with ABC technique.
It is same as in UVW or have maybe something different?
One example.
Attachments:
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by bitrak, Apr 17, 2016, 9:00 PM
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Misha57
395 posts
#11 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
In all examples I saw (including this one) it is same as uvw.
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bitrak
935 posts
#12 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
I think that ABC have very short and simple solutions vs UVW
Do you can check this example and give your opinion. This example
is solved according all solved examples in document.
Thank you,
Attachments:
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by bitrak, Apr 17, 2016, 9:12 PM
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ArsenalFC
967 posts
#13 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Sorry but the work looks a little confusing, but I think I get it
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bitrak
935 posts
#14 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
My work (picture) is so simplified, such that can understand student from 15.
p.s And do you know and do you have learned about ABC?
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by bitrak, Apr 17, 2016, 9:17 PM
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ArsenalFC
967 posts
#15 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
bitrak wrote:
My work (picture) is so simplified, such that can understand student from 15.

No I mean it is hard to read, have bad eyesight sorry
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bitrak
935 posts
#16 • 2 Y
Y by ArsenalFC, Adventure10
The proof of ABC theorem is given in
Puong, T.: Diamonds in Mathematical Inequalities. HaNoi Publishing House (2007)
This book is gift for all contestants on IMO 2007. IMO 2007 was in Hanoi-Vietnam
I don't have this book, because all printed books have only one edition ^^
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by bitrak, Apr 17, 2016, 10:08 PM
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bitrak
935 posts
#17 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
Aha, how can we see the author of UVW is again men from Vietnam. Then, if we assume that UVW and ABC are same theorem,
then who is the copy. UVW or ABC?
Attachments:
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arqady
30177 posts
#18 • 3 Y
Y by urun, Adventure10, Mango247
bitrak wrote:
who is the copy. UVW or ABC?
No one. Prove inequalities, dear bitrak. It's better than to made muck. ;)
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bitrak
935 posts
#19 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
Dear arqady,
I don't want to make a mud. But is ok when we know the truth .
It is good for younger generations.
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urun
95 posts
#20 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
bitrak wrote:
Dear arqady,
I don't want to make a mud. But is ok when we know the truth .
It is good for younger generations.

This is a little history about Mathlink.

Mathlinks was formed around 2004 and 2005. And the truth is that ABC was born ahead of uvw . When ABC was written out by AnhCuong, a young rising stars here, a lot of suspicious Mathlinkers questioned its validity as AnhCuong has posted some error inequalities while claiming to prove it by ABC. However, AnhCuong slowly worked on the right track and successfully proved its validity. In fact, during that period, several other techniques are also popular: such as SOS, SMV by Hung, GLA by Bui Viet Anh, multiple Taylor expansions by Gibb, M (b-c)^2 + N(a-b)(a-c) and so on... What you are seeing now is only a surface of them. There are a huge arguments about what is the best method to prove inequality in Vietnamese community at that time. Hung, although he is a brilliant guy, to my opinion, showing his arrogance, immature and angry toward others due to his preoccupied mind toward a junk, pvthuan. Later, they all realized that there were not really much to prove for three variables symmetric inequality. So AnhCuong silently left the community and later pursuit his PhD at UC Berkeley. And so are others such as Hung, Darij, Harazi, etc...

Before uvw was born, ABC has been pirated by several others. So do not be surprised by various names you encounter. The fact is that who (politically) popularize the technique will got all the credits, while the true inventor, well, is rotten somewhere.

My own opinion is that you should not dig into this matters, as it only wastes your time. You will see it all the time in here.

P/S. But most Mathlinker gurus know the truth, and no one can hide it.
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bitrak
935 posts
#21 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Thank you Urun.
You have really very nice historical information about these two theorems.
Same, Cauchy on the time was very arrogant mathematician as Hung. For that , I don't like Cauchy, but Hung is brilliant and I love his math documents. Here in Europe, we use often Vietnamese techniques, and we don't know that theorems comes from Vietnam. Language is big problem.
Young mathlinkers from Vietnam almost each day wants to give them Secrets in Inequalities 1 and 2 from Hung on english language.
I think also that Romanian mathematician Vasile Cirtoaje have very good theorems about inequalities. I love his collaborating with others mathematicians from the world and specially with Vietnamese mathematicians and I think that he is the father of a new era in inequalities. So, we must to learn each day ^^
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arqady
30177 posts
#22 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
urun wrote:
Later, they all realized that there were not really much to prove for three variables symmetric inequality
I think it's your opinion only. There is still a lot of interesting work. ;)
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