LaTeX:Commands
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This page introduces various useful commands for rendering math in LaTeX, as well as instructions for building your own commands.
Contents
[hide]Subscripts and Superscripts
Subscripts and superscripts (such as exponents) can be made using the underscore _ and caret ^ symbols respectively.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|
2^2 | a_i | ||
2^{23} | n_{i-1} | ||
a^{i+1}_3 | x^{3^2} | ||
2^{a_i} | 2^a_i |
Notice that we can apply both a subscript and a superscript at the same time. For subscripts or superscripts with more than one character, you must surround what you want to be the exponent/superscript with curly braces. For example, x^10
produces , while x^{10}
produces .
Math Commands
Here are some commonly used math commands in :
Fractions
Symbol | Command |
---|---|
\frac{1}{2} or \frac12 | |
\frac{2}{x+2} | |
\frac{1+\frac{1}{x}}{3x + 2} |
Notice that with fractions with a 1-digit numerator and a 1-digit denominator, we can simply group the numerator and the denominator together as one number. However, for fractions with either a numerator or a denominator that requires more than one character (or if the numerator starts with a letter), you need to surround everything in curly brackets.
Use \cfrac for continued fractions.
Expression | Command |
---|---|
\cfrac{2}{1+\cfrac{2}{1+\cfrac{2}{1+\cfrac{2}{1}}}} |
Radicals
Symbol | Command |
---|---|
\sqrt{3} | |
\sqrt{x+y} | |
\sqrt{x+\frac{1}{2}} | |
\sqrt[3]{3} | |
\sqrt[n]{x} |
Sums, Products, Limits and Logarithms
Use the commands \sum, \prod, \lim, and \log respectively. To denote lower and upper bounds, or the base of the logarithm, use _ and ^ in the same way they are used for subscripts and superscripts. (Lower and upper bounds for integrals work the same way, as you'll see in the calculus section)
Symbol | Command |
---|---|
\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{i} | |
\prod_{n=1}^5\frac{n}{n-1} | |
\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{1}{x} | |
\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\frac{1}{x} | |
\log_n n^2 |
Some of these are prettier in display mode:
Symbol | Command |
---|---|
\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{i} | |
\prod_{n=1}^5\frac{n}{n-1} | |
\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{1}{x} |
Note that we can use sums, products, and logarithms without _ or ^ modifiers.
Symbol | Command |
---|---|
\sum\frac{1}{i} | |
\prod\frac{n}{n-1} | |
\log n^2 | |
\ln e |
Mods
Symbol | Command |
---|---|
9\equiv 3 \bmod{6} | |
9\equiv 3 \pmod{6} | |
9\equiv 3 \mod{6} | |
9\equiv 3 \pod{6} |
Combinations
Symbol | Command |
---|---|
\binom{1}{1} | |
\binom{n-1}{r-1} |
These often look better in display mode:
Symbol | Command |
---|---|
\dbinom{9}{3} | |
\dbinom{n-1}{r-1} |
Trigonometric Functions
Most of these are just the abbreviation of the trigonometric function with simply a backslash added before the abbreviation.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\cos | \sin | \tan | |||
\sec | \csc | \cot | |||
\arccos | \arcsin | \arctan | |||
\cosh | \sinh | \tanh | |||
\coth |
Here are a couple examples:
Symbol | Command |
---|---|
\cos^2 x +\sin^2 x = 1 | |
\cos 90^\circ = 0 |
Calculus
Below are examples of calculus expressions rendered in LaTeX. Most of these commands have been introduced before. Notice how definite integrals are rendered (and the difference between inline math and display mode for definite integrals). The \, in the integrals makes a small space before the dx.
Symbol | Command |
---|---|
\frac{d}{dx}\left(x^2\right) = 2x | |
\int 2x\,dx = x^2+C | |
\int^5_1 2x\,dx = 24 | |
\frac{\partial^2U}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2U}{\partial y^2} | |
\frac{1}{4\pi}\oint_\Sigma\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial U}{\partial n} ds |
LaTeX
Other Functions
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\arg | \deg | \det | |||
\dim | \exp | \gcd | |||
\hom | \inf | \ker | |||
\lg | \liminf | \limsup | |||
\max | \min | \Pr | |||
\sup | \smiley |
Some of these commands take subscripts in the same way sums, products, and logarithms do. Some render differently in display mode and inline math mode.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\dim_x | \gcd_x | \inf_x | |||
\liminf_x | \limsup_x | \max_x | |||
\min_x | \Pr_x | \sup_x | |||
Matrices and Arrays
We can typeset a matrix with the matrix
, bmatrix
, pmatrix
, or vmatrix
environments. The letters b, p, and v refer to the delimiters around the matrix (brackets, parentheses, and vertical bars, respectively). For example, the following code
\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ \end{bmatrix}
produces the following matrix:
We can also use the array
environment to typeset arrays. For example, the following code
\begin{array}{ccc} a & b & c \\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{array}
produces the following array:
Text Styles in Math Mode
You can render letters in various styles in math mode. Below are examples; you should be able to use these with any letters. The \mathbb requires the amsfonts package to be included in your document's preamble. Do not try to do \mathbb{year}. You'll get , and that looks nothing like it!
So$$n^2 + 5 = 30\text{ so we have }n=\pm5$$
gives
How to Build Your Own Commands
The command \newcommand is used to create your own commands. We'll start with an example:
\documentclass[11pt]{article} \usepackage{amsmath} \pdfpagewidth 8.5in \pdfpageheight 11in \newcommand{\reci}[1]{\frac{1}{#1}} \newcommand{\hypot}[2]{\sqrt{#1^2+#2^2}} \newcommand{\cbrt}[1]{\sqrt[3]{#1}} \begin{document} The reciprocal of 2 is $\reci{2}$. The hypotenuse has length $\hypot{3}{4}$. I'm sick of writing `$\backslash$sqrt[3]{2}$' all the time, just to get $\cbrt{2}$. \end{document}
The \newcommand declarations are in the preamble. Each is of the form
\newcommand{name of new command}[number of arguments]{definition}
The name of the new command, which must begin with a \, is the name you'll use in the document to use the command. The number of arguments is how many inputs will be sent to the command. The definition is just normal LaTeX code, with #1, #2, #3, etc., placed where you want the inputs to go when the new command is called.
New commands can be used for all sorts of purposes, not just for making math commands you'll use a lot easier to call. For example, try this:
\documentclass[11pt]{article} \usepackage{amsmath} \pdfpagewidth 8.5in \pdfpageheight 11in \newcounter{prob_num} \setcounter{prob_num}{1} \newcommand{\prob}[5]{\bigskip \bigskip\arabic{prob_num}.\stepcounter{prob_num} #1 \par\nopagebreak[4]\medskip A.\ #2\hfill B.\ #3\hfill C.\ #4\hfill D.\ #5\hfill E.\ NOTA} \begin{document} \prob{What is $2+2$?}{4}{5}{6}{7} \prob{What is $\sqrt{100}$?}{81}{10}{9}{1} \prob{Evaluate $\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^2}$.} {$\frac{1}{e}$} {$\frac{2}{\pi}$} {$\frac{\pi^3}{8}$} {$\frac{\pi^2}{6}$} \end{document}
In the example above, we create a new command called \prob. Each time we call \prob, we supply 5 arguments, one for the question and one for each of the multiple choices.
In the preamble and the definition of \prob, you'll see a few new LaTeX commands:
\newcounter{prob_num} creates a counter variable called prob_num
\setcounter{prob_num}{1} setsprob_num to equal 1.
In the definition of \prob, the \bigskip and \medskip commands create vertical space.
\arabic{prob_num} prints out the current value of the counter prob_num as an arabic numeral.
\stepcounter{prob_num} increments the counter prob_num by 1.
\nopagebreak[4] tells LaTeX not to break the page between the problem and the choices unless it really, really, really has to.
The \hfill commands put roughly equal space between the choices.
Once you build a body of custom commands that you will be using in many LaTeX documents, you should learn about creating your own package so you don't have to copy all your custom commands from document to document.
See Also
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
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