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  • In [[number theory]], '''Wilson's Theorem''' states that if [[integer ]]<math>p > 1</math> , then <math>(p-1) ...e. Consider the [[field]] of integers modulo <math>p</math>. By [[Fermat's Little Theorem]], every nonzero element of this field is a root of the [[po
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  • '''Heron's Formula''' (sometimes called Hero's formula) is a [[mathematical formula | formula]] for finding the [[area]] o <math>A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}</math>
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  • Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick (SFFT) (made by AoPS user [https://artofproblemsol ...t 1, then divide the coefficient off of the equation.). According to Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick, this equation can be transformed into: <cmath>(x+
    7 KB (1,107 words) - 07:35, 26 March 2024
  • #REDIRECT[[Vieta's formulas]]
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  • Mill's Constant is defined as the smallest real number <math>\theta</math> such th ...smallest element in that set. If the [[Riemann Hypothesis]] is true, Mill's constant is approximately <math>1.3063778838630806904686144926...</math> an
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  • #REDIRECT[[Ceva's theorem]]
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  • '''Fermat's Little Theorem''' is highly useful in [[number theory]] for simplifying the A frequently used corollary of Fermat's Little Theorem is <math>a^p \equiv a \pmod {p}</math>. As you can see, it i
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  • '''Chebyshev's inequality''', named after [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]], states that if ...nce of the [[Rearrangement inequality]], which gives us that the sum <math>S=a_1b_{i_1}+a_2b_{i_2}+...+a_nb_{i_n} </math> is maximal when <math>i_k=k</m
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  • '''Euler's Totient Theorem''' is a theorem closely related to his [[totient function]] Let <math>\phi(n)</math> be [[Euler's totient function]]. If <math>n</math> is a positive integer, <math>\phi{(n)
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  • .../math>, <math>c</math>, <math>d</math> are the four side lengths and <math>s = \frac{a+b+c+d}{2}</math>. <cmath>16[ABCD]^2=16(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)</cmath>
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  • #REDIRECT[[Ptolemy's theorem]]
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  • ...[equality condition | equality case]] of [[Ptolemy's Inequality]]. Ptolemy's theorem frequently shows up as an intermediate step in problems involving i ...ABCD</math> with side lengths <math>{a},{b},{c},{d}</math> and [[diagonal]]s <math>{e},{f}</math>:
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  • #REDIRECT[[Vieta's formulas]]
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  • '''Euler's totient function''' <math>\phi(n)</math> applied to a [[positive integer]] ...p_m^{e_m} </math> where the <math>p_i </math> are distinct [[prime number]]s. Now, we can use a [[PIE]] argument to count the number of numbers less th
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  • #REDIRECT[[Stewart's theorem]]
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  • '''Jensen's Inequality''' is an inequality discovered by Danish mathematician Johan Jen One of the simplest examples of Jensen's inequality is the [[quadratic mean]] - [[arithmetic mean]] inequality. Taki
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  • '''Ptolemy's Inequality''' is a famous inequality attributed to the Greek mathematician *[[Ptolemy's Theorem]]
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  • '''Muirhead's Inequality''' states that if a sequence <math>p</math> [[Majorization|major ...ath> majorizes <math>(4,2)</math> (as <math>5>4, 5+1=4+2</math>), Muirhead's inequality states that for any positive <math>x,y</math>,
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  • ...hat order) and [[diagonal]]s of length <math>p, q</math>. '''Bretschneider's formula''' states that the [[area]] [[Lagrange's Identity]] states that <math>|\vec{a}|^2|\vec{b}|^2-(\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b})^2
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  • ...hur's Inequality''' is an [[inequality]] that holds for [[positive number]]s. It is named for Issai Schur. Schur's inequality states that for all non-negative <math>a,b,c \in \mathbb{R}</mat
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  • #REDIRECT[[Vieta's formulas]]
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  • '''Fermat's Last Theorem''' is a recently proven [[theorem]] stating that for positive Fermat's Last Theorem was proposed by [[Pierre de Fermat]] in the <math>1600s</math>
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  • '''Pascal's triangle''' is a triangle which contains the values from the [[binomial exp ...oose k}}=2^n</math>, the sum of the values on row <math>n</math> of Pascal's Triangle is <math>2^n</math>.
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  • ...sums''' give us a clever and efficient way of finding the sums of [[root]]s of a [[polynomial]] raised to a power. They can also be used to derive sev Newton's sums tell us that,
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  • '''Euler's number''' is a [[constant]] that appears in a variety of mathematical conte An approximation for Euler's number is <math>e\approx 2.7182818284590452...</math>
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  • ''See also: [[Hölder's inequality]]'' ...n, \dotsc, z_1, z_2, \dotsc, z_n</math> are [[nonnegative]] [[real number]]s and <math>\lambda_a, \lambda_b, \dotsc, \lambda_z</math> are nonnegative re
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  • ...>F</math> denote the number of [[vertex|vertices]], [[edge]]s, and [[face]]s, respectively. Then <math>V-E+F=2</math>. Apply Euler's Polyhedral Formula on the following polyhedra:
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  • '''Bertrand's postulate''' states that for any [[positive integer]] <math>n</math>, there It is similar to the proof of Chebyshev's estimates in the [[Prime Number Theorem|prime number theorem]] article but
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  • '''Newman's Tauberian Theorem''' is a [[tauberian theorem]] its [[Laplace transform]] <math>F(s) = \int_0^\infty f(t)e^{-st}dt</math>
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  • '''Euler's Formula''' is <math>e^{i\theta}=\cos \theta+ i\sin\theta</math>. It is na ...ing problems involving [[complex numbers]] and/or [[trigonometry]]. Euler's formula replaces "[[cis]]", and is a superior notation, as it encapsulates
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  • #REDIRECT [[Hölder's Inequality]]
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  • '''Rolle's theorem''' is an important theorem among the class of results regarding the <LI>[[Lagrange's mean value theorem]]</LI>
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  • '''Pick's Theorem''' expresses the [[area]] of a [[polygon]], all of whose [[vertex |
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  • '''Euclid's Lemma''' is a result in [[number theory]] attributed to [[Euclid]]. It stat ...ies that <math>p \mid a</math> or <math>p\mid b</math>, for all [[integer]]s <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>.
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  • ...ek mathematician [[Euclid]] that there are infinitely many [[prime number]]s.
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  • '''DeMoivre's Theorem''' is a very useful theorem in the mathematical fields of [[complex This is one proof of De Moivre's theorem by [[induction]].
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  • == Pascal's Triangle == Pascal's Triangle is a triangular array of numbers where each number is the sum of t
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  • #REDIRECT[[Vieta's formulas]]
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  • ...math> in the polynomial <math> \prod_{i=1}^{n}(t+x_i) </math> (see [[Viete's sums]]). We define the ''symmetric average'' <math>d_k </math> to be <math ...have a root between <math>x_i </math> and <math>x_{i+1} </math> by [[Rolle's theorem]] if <math>x_i \neq x_{i+1} </math>, and if <math> x_i = x_{i+1} =
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  • ...ymmetric polynomial]]s. For notation and background, we refer to [[Newton's Inequality]]. By the lemma from [[Newton's Inequality]], it suffices to show that for any <math>n </math>,
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  • '''Nesbitt's [[Inequality]]''' is a theorem which, although rarely cited, has many instr If <math> a_1, \ldots a_n </math> are positive and <math> \sum_{i=1}^{n}a_i = s </math>, then
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  • '''Pascal's Theorem''' is a result in [[projective geometry]]. It states that if a [[h Since it is a result in the projective plane, it has a dual, [[Brianchon's Theorem]], which states that the diagonals of a hexagon circumscribed about
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  • The '''Russell's Paradox''', credited to Bertrand Russell, was one of those which forced the
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  • '''Green's Theorem''' is a result in [[real analysis]]. It is continuous [[partial derivative]]s mapping an open set containing
    2 KB (381 words) - 12:12, 30 May 2019
  • '''Cramer's Rule''' is a method of solving systems of equations using [[matrix|matrices Cramer's Rule employs the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant matrix determina
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  • #REDIRECT[[Ceva's theorem/Problems]]
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  • '''L'Hopital's Rule''' is a theorem dealing with [[limit]]s that is very important to [[calculus]]. ...cdot \epsilon(h)}</math>, which would hence prove our lemma for L'Hospital's rule.
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  • '''Zorn's Lemma''' is a [[set theory | set theoretic]] result which is equivalent to We first prove some intermediate results, viz., Bourbaki's Theorem (also known as the Bourbaki-Witt theorem).
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  • ...coefficients). It can often be used to simplify complicated [[expression]]s involving binomial coefficients. ...is also known as Pascal's Rule, Pascal's Formula, and occasionally Pascal's Theorem.
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  • '''Binet's formula''' is an explicit formula used to find the <math>n</math>th term of
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  • '''Carleman's Inequality''' states that for [[nonnegative]] [[real numbers]] <math>\{a_n\
    2 KB (278 words) - 16:39, 29 December 2021
  • ...its roots can be easily expressed as a ratio between two of the polynomial's coefficients. It is among the most ubiquitous results to circumvent finding a polynomial's roots in competition math and sees widespread usage in many mathematics con
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  • ...ct should have been either common notions or postulates, as some of Euclid's methods of proof were faulty. Euclid's work is split into thirteen volumes. It covers not only geometry, but numbe
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  • #REDIRECT [[Euclid's proof of the infinitude of primes]]
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  • '''Lagrange's mean value theorem''' (often called "the mean value theorem," and abbreviat We reduce the problem to [[Rolle's theorem]] by using an auxiliary function.
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  • ...s proof of the lemma in 1934 to provide a more elegant proof of [[Schreier's Theorem]]. He was a doctorate student under Emil Artin at the time. In th ...up of <math>K' \cdot (H \cap K)</math>; furthermore, the [[quotient group]]s
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  • ...[[Zassenhaus's Lemma | lemma]], which gives an improved proof of Schreier's Theorem. ...gma_1</math> and <math>\Sigma_2</math>, respectively. Again by Zassenhaus's Lemma, the quotients <math>H'_{im+j}/H'_{im+j+1}</math> and <math>K'_{jn+i}
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  • '''Lagrange's theorem''' is a result on the indices of [[coset]]s of a [[group]]. so the index and order of <math>H</math> are [[divisor]]s of <math>g</math>.
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  • ...rial]] result in [[group theory]] that is useful for counting the [[orbit]]s of a [[set]] on which a [[group]] [[group action|acts]]. ...led the '''Cauchy-Frobenius Lemma''', or '''the lemma that is not Burnside's'''. The lemma was (mistakenly) attributed to Burnside because he quoted an
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  • ...characterizes group structure as the structure of a family of [[bijection]]s.
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  • '''Legendre's Formula''' states that ...of <math>n!</math> and <math>S_p(n)</math> is the [[sum]] of the [[digit]]s of <math>n</math> when written in [[base]] <math>p</math>.
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  • ...be the intersection of <math>CF</math> and <math>AD</math>. Then, '''Routh's Theorem''' states that <cmath>[GHI]=\dfrac{(rst-1)^2}{(rs+r+1)(st+s+1)(tr+t+1)}[ABC]</cmath>
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  • #REDIRECT[[Bézout's Identity]]
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  • '''Carnot's Theorem''' states that in a [[triangle]] <math>ABC</math>, the signed sum o label("$O_C$",f,S);
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  • '''Karamata's Inequality''' states that if <math>(a_i)</math> [[Majorization|majorizes]] ...ming <math>a_i\geq a_{i+1}</math> and similarily with the <math>b_i</math>'s, we get that <math>c_i\geq c_{i+1}</math>. Now, we know:
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  • '''Aczél's Inequality''' states that if <math>a_1^2>a_2^2+\cdots +a_n^2</math> or <mat * Popoviciu, T., Sur quelques inégalités, Gaz. Mat. Fiz. Ser. A, 11 (64) (1959) 451–461
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  • * [[Gauss's Lemma (polynomial)]] * [[Quadratic reciprocity|Gauss's Lemma (quadratic reciprocity)]]
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  • '''Gauss's Lemma for Polynomials''' is a result in [[abstract algebra | algebra]]. The original statement concerns [[polynomial]]s with [[integer]] coefficients. Such a polynomial is called ''primitive'' i
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  • '''Fermat's Two Squares Theorem''' states that that a [[prime number]] <math>p</math> c Since 0 and 1 are the only [[quadratic residue]]s mod 4, it follows that if <math>p</math> is a prime number represented as t
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  • '''De Morgan's Laws''' are two very important laws in the fields of [[set theory]] and [[b
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  • ...; yielding centers <math>P_{AB}, P_{BC}, P_{CD}, P_{DA}</math>. Van Aubel's Theorem states that the two line segments connecting opposite centers are p dot("$q$",Q,S);
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  • '''Bolzano's Theorem''' is a special case of the [[Intermediate Value Theorem]], where <
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  • '''Cauchy's Integral Formula''' is a fundamental result in by application of [[Cauchy's Integral Theorem]].
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  • #REDIRECT [[L'Hôpital's Rule]]
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  • In [[complex analysis]], '''Liouville's Theorem''' states that a [[Picard's Little Theorem]] is a stronger result.
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  • '''Hilbert's Basis Theorem''' is a result concerning [[Noetherian]] [[ring]]s. It states that if <math>A</math> is a (not necessarily [[commutative]])
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  • See also [[Eisenstein's criterion]].
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  • Kirchhoff's rules
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  • * Plan to pursue a bachelor's degree at a public, in-state college or university
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  • ...for high school seniors who plan to enroll in undergraduate study in the U.S. Students within the U.S., including Lowe's employees and their children, are eligible.
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  • * a full-time junior-level student pursuing a bachelor's degree at a four-year institution (see website for a more specific definiti * nominated by the institution's Truman Scholarship Faculty Representative
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  • #REDIRECT [[Carnot's Theorem]]
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  • '''Callebaut's Inequality''' states that for <math>1\ge x\ge y\ge 0,</math> <cmath> \sum_{
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  • ''See also: [[Hölder's Inequality]]'' '''Hölder's Inequality,''' a generalization of the '''Cauchy-Schwarz inequality''', sta
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  • ...n, \dotsc, z_1, z_2, \dotsc, z_n</math> are [[nonnegative]] [[real number]]s and <math>\lambda_a, \lambda_b, \dotsc, \lambda_z</math> are nonnegative re ...||_p^p}, b=\frac{|g(x)|^q}{||g||_q^q},\alpha=1/p,\beta=1/q</math>. [[Young's Inequality]] gives us
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  • #REDIRECT[[De Moivre's Theorem]]
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  • ==Proof of l'Hôpital's rule== ...roof of l'Hôpital's rule uses [[Cauchy's mean value theorem]]. l'Hôpital's rule has many variations depending on whether ''c'' and ''L'' are finite or
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  • '''Bézout's Identity''' states that if <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> are nonzero [[ ==Generalization/Extension of Bézout's Identity==
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  • '''Steiner's Theorem''' states that in a [[trapezoid]] <math>ABCD</math> with <math>AB\p ...t's not hard to see that <math>\triangle HAB \sim \triangle HCD</math>. It's also not hard to show that <math>\triangle HBE \sim \triangle HDF</math> by
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  • Then Euler's Four-Square Identity simply reads <math>|XY|^2 = |X|^2 |Y|^2</math>; i.e. t
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  • '''Viviani's Theorem''' states that for an equilateral triangle, the sum of the altitude ...2}=\dfrac{s}{2}(x+y+z)</math>. Therefore, <math>\dfrac{s}{2}(x+y+z)=\dfrac{s}{2}(a)</math>, so <math>x+y+z=a</math>, which means the sum of the altitude
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  • Euler's Inequality states that <cmath>R \ge 2r</cmath> where R is the circumradius ...he incenter. Then <cmath>d=\sqrt{R(R-2r)}</cmath> From this formula, Euler's Inequality follows as <cmath>d^2=R(R-2r)</cmath> By the [[Trivial Inequalit
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  • Let <math>a_0, a_1, ... ,a_n</math> be integers. Then, '''Eisenstein's Criterion''' states that the polynomial ...g_rx^r+g_{r-1}x^{r-1}+\cdots+ g_1x+g_0</math> and <math>h=h_sx^s+h_{s-1}x^{s-1}+\cdots+ h_1x+h_0</math>. Since <math>a_0</math> has only one factor of <
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  • #REDIRECT [[Viviani's theorem]]
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  • The MIT Women's Technology Program (WTP) is a rigorous four-week residential summer program
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  • Avogadro's Constant: <math>N_a = 6.0221415 * 10^{23}</math>
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  • ...cave and we know that <math>\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}=1</math>, so by Jensen's Inequality, we have Young's Inequality then follows by exponentiation of both sides.
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  • ...phi(n)} \equiv 1 \quad\mod n</math>, where <math>\phi(n)</math> is [[Euler's Totient Theorem]], and <math>a</math> and <math>n</math> are coprime.
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  • #REDIRECT[[Euler's totient function]]
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  • Bill's Triangle is a triangle similar to [[Pascal's Triangle]], except each number is obtained by adding the top three numbers, ==How to Make Bill's Triangle==
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  • In algebra, Lagrange's identity, named after Joseph Louis Lagrange, is:[1][2] The second term on the left side of Lagrange's identity can be expanded as:
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  • '''Chen's Theorem''' is a [[theorem]] developed by Chinese [[mathematician]], Chen Ji Chen's Theorem states that any sufficiently large [[even]] number <math>\left(>e^{
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  • Titu's lemma states that: ...r Titu Andreescu and is also known as T2 lemma, Engel's form, or Sedrakyan's inequality.
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  • Perron's Criterion states: Now, we will prove Perron's Criterion. Let <math>f(x)=g(x)h(x)</math>, where <math>g(x)=x^r+g_{r-1}x^{r
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  • Ostrowski's Criterion states that:
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  • First, you may have seen the famous "Euler's Identity": e (Euler's Number)
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  • = Pascal's Identity = Pascal's Identity states that
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  • = Pascal's Identity = Pascal's Identity states that
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  • ...nd his dad put a bomb in the sink.") That is Stewart's Theorem. I know, it's easy to memorize. Setting the two left-hand sides equal and clearing [[denominator]]s, we arrive at the equation: <math> c^{2}n + b^{2}m=m^{2}n +n^{2}m + d^{2}m
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  • s t o n k s
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  • Are the known solutions, and it was a conjecture of Paul Erdös, that these are the only solutions.
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  • Gödel's First Incompleteness Theorem is a [[theorem]] that asserts that any axiomat ...ess Theorem]] (that a theory is consistent iff it has a model) and [[Godel's Second Incompleteness Theorem]] (that a consistent theory cannot prove its
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  • ...is is for my good. (Also this thing is almost the exact same format as Lcz's :P ). (Ok, actually, a LOT of credits to Lcz) If <math>r>s</math>, then <math>P(r) \geq P(s)</math>. Equality occurs if and only if all the <math>a_i</math> are equal.
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  • ...its own consistency iff it is consistent. It is closely related to [[Godel's First Incompleteness Theorem]], being in fact a stronger form, and easily d ...nsistency, then it could also prove <math>G_F</math>, contradicting Gödel's First Incompleteness Theorem, and we are done.
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  • ...opal's Lemma is trivialized by Jayasharmaramankumarguptareddybavarajugopal's Lemma, thus we are done <math>\mathbb{Q.E.D}.</math>
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  • Hello! Welcome to Wuwang2002's Wiki Games! Wuwang2002, I think you should be imporving Piphi's games, not duplicating them, and also, can you link to my wiki projects pag
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  • ==Generalized Wooga Looga Theorem (The Devil's Triangle)== ...}{[ABC]}=1-\frac{r(s+1)+s(t+1)+t(r+1)}{(r+1)(s+1)(t+1)}=\frac{rst+1}{(r+1)(s+1)(t+1)}</math>.
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  • #redirect [[FidgetBoss 4000's 2019 Mock AMC 12B Problems/Problem 1]]
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  • Use [[Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick]] to deduce <math>xy+x+y=(x+1)(y+1)-1</math>. We k ...getBoss 4000's 2019 Mock|ab=B|before=First problem|after=[[FidgetBoss 4000's 2019 Mock AMC 12B Problems/Problem 2|Problem 2]]}}
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  • ...ns can be inscribed in a circle, thus any subset of <math>4</math> vertice's from this octagon also all lie on the same circle. It is easy to see that n {{AMC12 box|year=FidgetBoss 4000's 2019 Mock|ab=B|num-b=2|num-a=4}}
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  • ...s 2019 Mock AMC 12B Problems/Problem 1|Problem 1]]|after=[[FidgetBoss 4000's 2019 Mock AMC 12B Problems/Problem 3|Problem 3]]}}
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  • '''FidgetBoss 4000's 2019 Mock AMC 12B''' problems and solutions. The first link contains the fu *[[FidgetBoss 4000's 2019 Mock AMC 12B Problems]]
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  • {{AMC12 box|year=FidgetBoss 4000's 2019 Mock|ab=B|num-b=3|num-a=5}}
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  • This is a direct application of [[Euler's Totient Theorem]]. Since <math> \phi(100)=40 </math>, this reduces to <math
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  • Link back to [[Euler's Totient Theorem]].
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  • '''Ceva's theorem''' is a criterion for the [[concurrence]] of [[cevian]]s in a [[triangle]]. The proof using [[Routh's Theorem]] is extremely trivial, so we will not include it.
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  • Naythan's Theorem states: Arithmetic series starting at 1 with difference of 1 ending
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  • ...rmer AoPS and MIST Academy student. More information can be found on Xinke's website: [https://xinkesmathacademy.com/]. ...nts interested in trying out for Alabama ARML or taking classes from Xinke's Math Academy can contact him at xinkeguoxue@gmail.com.
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  • '''Cauchy's Criterion''' is a result in [[analysis]] that states that a sequence of rea
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  • '''Newton's method''' uses the [[derivative]] of a differentiable [[function]] to appro The sum of the roots is <math>1</math> by [[Vieta's formulas]], so the lesser root is simply <math>1 - 1.6180340 = -0.6180340</
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  • '''Wolstenholme's Theorem''' is a result in [[Number Theory]] from English Mathematician Jose
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  • #REDIRECT[[Maxwell's Equations]]
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  • '''Maxwell's equations''' are a set of four equations that govern electricity and magnet ...\mathbf{E} \cdot d\mathbf{A} = \frac{q_{enc}}{\varepsilon_0}</math> (Gauss's law of electricity),
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  • ...unknown, but those who know it are able to score perfects on the AMC 10.[/s]
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  • ==Miquel and Steiner's quadrilateral theorem== ==Analogue of Miquel's point==
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  • Does anyone know how to get the "Honest Day's Work" badge under the Report tab? If you do, please write it below. Thank y
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  • #REDIRECT[[Vieta's formulas]]
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  • ...result in number theory that implies many other theorems, such as [[Euclid's Lemma]] and the [[Chinese Remainder Theorem]]. To see an example of Bézout's Lemma, let <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> be <math>15</math> and <math>6
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  • '''Brahmagupta's identity''' states that for integers <math>a, b, c, d, n,</math> Substituting <math>n = -D</math>, the forms involved in Brahmagupta's identity lend themselves to use with solutions to the [[Pell equation]] <cm
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  • Radon's Inequality states: ...t consequence of [[Hölder's Inequality]], and a generalization of [[Titu's Lemma]] (for p=2, it is just that).
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  • [[Fermat's Last Theorem]] [[Fermat's Little Theorem]]
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  • [[Fermat's theorem]]
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  • Pell's equation is any Diophantine equation of the form <math>x^2 – Dy^2 = 1,</m It is the form of Pell's equation, therefore
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  • Hello! This is HappyShark's User Page.
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Page text matches

  • ...theorems in [[geometry]], and is one of the many tools in a good geometer's arsenal. A very large number of geometry problems can be solved by building label("$G$", G, S);
    5 KB (886 words) - 21:12, 22 January 2024
  • ...tangent to both axes and to the second and third circles. What is <math>r/s</math>? label("$s$",(-1.5,4));
    2 KB (307 words) - 15:30, 30 March 2024
  • ...ers and Emilio adds his numbers. How much larger is Star's sum than Emilio's?
    967 bytes (143 words) - 03:18, 27 June 2023
  • ...lish Fox to double Fox's money every time Fox crosses the bridge by Rabbit's house, as long as Fox pays <math>40</math> coins in toll to Rabbit after ea
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  • The second line's equation can be found in a similar fashion. Its slope is <math>m = \frac{0-
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  • * [[Math Kangaroo]] may be the world's largest [[mathematics competition]]. [http://www.mathkangaroo.org/mk/defau
    4 KB (473 words) - 16:14, 1 May 2024
  • ...tions in the United States. These exams lead up to the selection of the U.S. team for the [[International Mathematical Olympiad]]. ([http://www.maa.org * [https://simiode.org/scudem SIMIODE SCUDEM] -- SIMIODE's (Systemic Initiative for Modeling Investigations and Opportunities using Di
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  • There's also some exams with the part of mathematics being as hard as an olympiad,
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  • Alabama's math competition community is fairly large and active and there are a numbe ...Math Tournament]]-- Grades 7-12. The VHHS tournament is one of the nation's largest local math tournaments, drawing around 1700 students annually.
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  • * [[Women's Technology Program]] at [[MIT]], [http://wtp.mit.edu/ Website]
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  • ...shift, six days a week. The lead instructors are mathematicians with Ph.D.s and the apprentice instructors are graduate or undergraduate math students. Here's what the {MathILy, MathILy-Er} application process looks like:
    5 KB (706 words) - 23:49, 29 January 2024
  • * [[Moody's Mega Math Challenge]] [http://m3challenge.siam.org/ website]
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  • * National Science Foundation's Robert Noyce Scholarship. <dollar/>10,000 for undergraduate or graduate stu * American Meteorological Society's undergraduate scholarships and graduate fellowships for students in STEM ma
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  • * Current high school senior enrolled in a U.S. high school * U.S Citizen or permanent resident
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  • * [[Mathematical Kangaroo]] is perhaps the world's largest [[mathematics competition]]. * [[Mathematical Kangaroo]] is perhaps the world's largest [[mathematics competition]].
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  • An individual's score is their total number of correct sprint round answers plus 2 times th ...ided by 4 plus 2 points for every correct team round answer, making a team's maximum possible score 66 points. Therefore, it is possible to win with a r
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  • * [[St. Mary's Academy Math Team Challenge]] -- Contests for middle school students. [http
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  • *[[Soli Deo Gloria Fall Tournament, aka Billy's Math Meet]] [[User:Solafidefarms/MathMeet]]
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  • * [[K-State S. Thomas Parker Mathematics Competition]] [http://www.math.ksu.edu/~zlin/mat
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  • * Governor's Cup [http://www.kaac.com/governors-cup/] * Governor's Cup [http://www.kaac.com/governors-cup/]
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  • ...he top 5 (alternate national participant included) students from that year's MathCounts state competition will compete as a mixed team. Oklahoma does n
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  • ...a/intermountain/index.html] is an college proof based math competition. It's format is similar to the Putnam, but the problems are much more approachabl
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  • Ritvik Rustagi's [https://www.tmasacademy.com/ace-the-amc10-12-free-book ACE The AMC 10 and * Elias Saab's [[MathCounts]] [http://mathcounts.saab.org/ Drills page].
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  • * [http://www.geometer.org/mathcircles/ Tom Davis's] site for [[math circles]] topics. * [[AoPS]] -- That's where you are now! [http://www.artofproblemsolving.com Home].
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  • ...publishes [[Richard Rusczyk]]'s, [[David Patrick]]'s, and [[Ravi Boppana]]'s [http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Store/viewitem.php?item=prealgebra Prea * [[AoPS]] publishes [[Richard Rusczyk]]'s [http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Store/viewitem.php?item=intro:algebra I
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  • MOEMS Executive Director [[Richard Kalman]] and many talented MOEMS PICO's run online [[Math Jams]] at [[Art of Problem Solving]]. These Math Jams ar
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  • This '''Math textbooks''' page is for compiling a list of [[textbook]]s for mathematics -- not problem books, contest books, or general interest bo * [[AoPS]] publishes Dr. [[Richard Rusczyk]]'s [http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Books/AoPS_B_Item.php?item_id=200 Intro
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  • ...may have as many students as are interested sit for the exam. Each school's team score is determined by adding the ranks (not the scores) of its top th
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  • ...ms are administered annually in March and students are nominated for the U.S. National Chemistry Olympiad competition based on their performance. The U.S. National Chemistry Olympiad national exam (USNCO) is a 3-part, 4 hour and
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  • ...os/ASIN/0387948600/artofproblems-20 The Algorithm Design Manual] by Steve S. Skiena.
    2 KB (251 words) - 00:45, 17 November 2023
  • * [https://www.amazon.com/s?k=conceptual+physics&ref=nb_sb_noss Conceptual Physics] by Paul Hewitt ...artofproblems-20 Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions] by Lisa Randall.
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  • What is now considered Newton's most famous achievement is the formal statement of three basic, almost triv #If the net force on any amount of matter is [[Zero]], then the object's velocity will not change if viewing from a constant reference point.
    9 KB (1,355 words) - 07:29, 29 September 2021
  • ...] squared, or <math>\mathrm{N}=\mathrm{kg}\times \frac{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{s}^2}</math>. This is because <math>F = ma</math>, which means force (Newtons
    665 bytes (96 words) - 23:17, 2 February 2021
  • ...asy image|<math>1\,2\,3\,4\,5\,6\,7\,8\,9\,0</math>|right|The ten [[digit]]s making up <br /> the base ten number system.}} ...ematics, as shown by the [http://www.ams.org American Mathematical Society's] [http://www.ams.org/msc/ Mathematics Subject Classification] scheme.
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  • ...slightly to [[number theory]]. They deal with [[relations]] of [[variable]]s denoted by four signs: <math>>,<,\ge,\le</math>. For two [[number]]s <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>:
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  • ...t-shirt, along with other prizes like books or software of the participant's choices (with first priority to the top scorers, and then down the ranks). ...ublished. KöMaL is a popular abbreviation of Középiskolai Matematikai és Fizikai Lapok (KMaL), which means "High School Mathematics and Physics Jour
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  • [[AoPSWiki]] includes one of the internet's most comprehensive guides to '''academic scholarships'''. Get started by c * Your high school's website or those of other area high schools
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  • ...AMC]] -- AoPS hosts sessions for discussion of the problems from each year's [[AMC 10]], [[AMC 12]], and [[AIME]] exams.
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  • ...d Summer Program]], where students train for possible inclusion on the [[U.S. IMO]] team. ...ed to only 25 questions, and 2 years later, the A and B version of the AMC's were introduced.
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  • label("$E$",(0,0),S);
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  • We say that a finite set <math>\mathcal{S}</math> in the plane is <i> balanced </i> ...any two different points <math>A</math>, <math>B</math> in <math>\mathcal{S}</math>, there is
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  • ...istered to approximately 500 of the best and brightest students from the U.S. and Canada. Qualification is based on [[AMC 10]], [[AMC 12]], and [[AIME]] ...Olympiad?" in the ''American Mathematical Monthly'' 78 (1971), the [[MAA]]'s National Contest Committee revived an Olympiad Subcommittee, which voted to
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  • '''Informatics competitions''' test a student's ability to understand, organize, and work with information on computers. * [[St Mary’s University High School Programming Competition]] [http://cs.stmarys.ca/hspc
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  • ...nds. Please email Xinke Guo-Xue at xinkeguoxue@gmail.com, or message Xinke's AoPS account "hurdler", if you are interested in trying out for the Alabama ...at the San Diego Math Circle (SDMC), and most of the students on last year's team were regular attendees at SDMC. Also, since the 2007 team contained no
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  • * Kohl's Kids Who Care Scholarship Program [http://www.kohlscorporation.com/communit
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  • #10 The set S is {#, !, @, *, $, %}. How many different proper subsets are possible?
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  • The Power Mean Inequality follows from [[Jensen's Inequality]]. As <math>\ln(x)</math> is concave, by [[Jensen's Inequality]], the last inequality is true, proving <math>M(t)\ge M(0)</math
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  • In [[number theory]], '''Wilson's Theorem''' states that if [[integer ]]<math>p > 1</math> , then <math>(p-1) ...e. Consider the [[field]] of integers modulo <math>p</math>. By [[Fermat's Little Theorem]], every nonzero element of this field is a root of the [[po
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  • For all [[real number]]s <math>x</math>, <math>x^2 \ge 0</math>. ...h> and <math>s</math> are relatively prime positive integers. Find <math>r+s</math>. (Solution [[User:Ddk001#Solution_1.28Probably_official_MAA.2C_lots_
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  • '''Heron's Formula''' (sometimes called Hero's formula) is a [[mathematical formula | formula]] for finding the [[area]] o <math>A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}</math>
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  • ...onnegative]], [[integer|integral]] powers and multiplied by [[coefficient]]s from a predetermined [[set]] (usually the set of integers; [[rational]], [[ ...ly one way (not counting re-arrangements of the terms of the product). It's very easy to find the roots of a polynomial in this form because the roots
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  • Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick (SFFT) (made by AoPS user [https://artofproblemsol ...t 1, then divide the coefficient off of the equation.). According to Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick, this equation can be transformed into: <cmath>(x+
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  • Using the formula for the sum of a [[geometric sequence]], it's easy to derive the general formula for difference of powers: == Vieta's/Newton Factorizations ==
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  • ===[[Euclid's proof of the infinitude of primes]]===
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  • ...king. Mathematical [[problem solving]] involves using all the tools at one's disposal to attack a problem in a new way.
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  • ...ts, 2n}</math>. Show that if we choose <math>n+1</math> numbers from <math>S</math>, then there exist two numbers such that one is a multiple of the oth ...ath> integers. Prove that there exists distinct <math>a, b</math> in <math>S</math> such that <math>a - b</math> is a multiple of <math>n</math>.''
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  • ...>, where <math>a</math>, <math>b</math> and <math>c</math> are [[constant]]s (that is, they do not depend on <math>x</math>) and <math>x</math> is the u ...of factoring is to turn a general quadratic into a product of [[binomial]]s. This is easier to illustrate than to describe.
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  • Two [[positive]] [[integer]]s <math>m</math> and <math>n</math> are said to be '''relatively prime''' or [[Euler's totient function]] determines the number of positive integers less than any
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  • #REDIRECT[[Vieta's formulas]]
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  • * 2015 - Frank Han (11th written, S)
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  • ...tric mean''' of a collection of <math>n</math> [[positive]] [[real number]]s is the <math>n</math>th [[root]] of the product of the numbers. Note that MC("a",D((-5,-0.3)--(3,-0.3),black,Arrows),S);
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  • ...set]]s, the size of each set, and the size of all possible [[intersection]]s among the sets. Now, for <math>|A\cap B|</math>, that's just putting four guys in order. By the same logic as above, this is <math>
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  • Mill's Constant is defined as the smallest real number <math>\theta</math> such th ...smallest element in that set. If the [[Riemann Hypothesis]] is true, Mill's constant is approximately <math>1.3063778838630806904686144926...</math> an
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  • ...ly that you choose the rest. This identity is also the reason why [[Pascal's Triangle]] is symmetrical. * [[Pascal's Triangle]]
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  • Its elementary algebraic formulation is often referred to as '''Cauchy's Inequality''' and states that for any list of reals <math>a_1, a_2, \ldots, ...as Sedrakyan's Inequality, Bergström's Inequality, Engel's Form or Titu's Lemma the following inequality is a direct result of Cauchy-Schwarz inequal
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  • ...use if the discriminant is positive, the equation has two [[real]] [[root]]s; if the discriminant is negative, the equation has two [[nonreal]] roots; a ...s a polynomial of degree 3, which also makes possible to us to use Cardano's formula, by doing the substitution <math>x=z-\frac{a}{3}</math> on the poly
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  • #REDIRECT[[Ceva's theorem]]
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  • First let's define some masses. * [[Ceva's theorem]]
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  • ...cs]] associated with studying the properties and identities of [[ integer]]s. *[[Prime number]]s
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  • ** [[Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick]] ** [[Euler's Totient Theorem]]
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  • Individually, San Diego Surf had 2 students who scored 7's and went to tiebreakers: In addition, there were multiple students (on both teams) who scored 6's and earned medals as team high scorers:
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  • | [[New York City ARML]] (New York City S)
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  • '''Fermat's Little Theorem''' is highly useful in [[number theory]] for simplifying the A frequently used corollary of Fermat's Little Theorem is <math>a^p \equiv a \pmod {p}</math>. As you can see, it i
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  • '''Chebyshev's inequality''', named after [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]], states that if ...nce of the [[Rearrangement inequality]], which gives us that the sum <math>S=a_1b_{i_1}+a_2b_{i_2}+...+a_nb_{i_n} </math> is maximal when <math>i_k=k</m
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  • '''Euler's Totient Theorem''' is a theorem closely related to his [[totient function]] Let <math>\phi(n)</math> be [[Euler's totient function]]. If <math>n</math> is a positive integer, <math>\phi{(n)
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  • ...[inequality]] involving various measures ([[angle]]s, [[length]]s, [[area]]s, etc.) in [[geometry]]. ...equality extends this to [[obtuse triangle| obtuse]] and [[acute triangle]]s. The inequality says:
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  • .../math>, <math>c</math>, <math>d</math> are the four side lengths and <math>s = \frac{a+b+c+d}{2}</math>. <cmath>16[ABCD]^2=16(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)</cmath>
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  • #REDIRECT[[Ptolemy's theorem]]
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  • ...[equality condition | equality case]] of [[Ptolemy's Inequality]]. Ptolemy's theorem frequently shows up as an intermediate step in problems involving i ...ABCD</math> with side lengths <math>{a},{b},{c},{d}</math> and [[diagonal]]s <math>{e},{f}</math>:
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  • .../en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sums_of_powers sums of powers], combined with Vieta's formulas. Elementary symmetric sums show up in [[Vieta's formulas]]. In a monic polynomial of degree <math>n</math>, the coefficient
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  • * [[Ptolemy's Theorem]] * [[Brahmagupta's formula]]
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  • #REDIRECT[[Vieta's formulas]]
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  • ...and usually denoted by a letter or symbol. Many contest problems test one's fluency with [[algebraic manipulation]]. ...ebra. [[Group]]s, [[ring]]s, [[field]]s, [[module]]s, and [[vector space]]s are common objects of study in higher algebra.
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  • ...r theory include the [[Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture]] and [[Fermat's Last Theorem]].
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  • ** [[Vieta's Formulas]] ** [[Newton's Sums]]
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  • '''Euler's totient function''' <math>\phi(n)</math> applied to a [[positive integer]] ...p_m^{e_m} </math> where the <math>p_i </math> are distinct [[prime number]]s. Now, we can use a [[PIE]] argument to count the number of numbers less th
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  • In some years, there are [[Alabama ARML TST]]'s that are written to help decide the team. From 2005-2008, the TST has been
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  • ...ea to stay up all night solving problems or playing video games because it's easy to get drowsy during the test. Getting a good night sleep can help re
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  • ...tation]] of a [[finite]] [[set]] (in fact, [[multiset]]) of [[real number]]s and <math>B=\{b_1,b_2,\cdots,b_n\}</math> is a permutation of another finit ...ath> and <math>a_k</math> with <math>b_j</math> (unless both a's or both b's are equal, in which case either we can choose another pair of products or n
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  • ...th>, <math>\ 3+2i+2j+k</math>, i.e. [[complex number]]s, and [[quaternion]]s. ...these two classes are best understood as subsets of the [[complex number]]s.
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  • ...integer]]s are [[divisibility | divisible]] by particular other [[integer]]s. All of these rules apply for [[Base number| base-10]] ''only'' -- other b ...s that are relatively prime to the base (and works GREAT in binary). Here's one that works. 12348 - 28 ==> 12320 ==> 1232 +28 ==> 1260 ==> 126 + 14 ==
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  • ...ombinatorics]] are especially susceptible to induction solutions, but that's not to say that there aren't any problems in other areas, such as [[Inequal * Prove Bernoulli's inequality.
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  • ...math>L</math> be the midpoint of <math>\overarc{BC}</math> on the triangle's circumcenter. Then, the theorem states that <math>L</math> is the center of
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  • Triangles are split into six categories; three by their [[angle]]s and three by their side lengths. All the angles of an '''acute''' triangle are [[acute angle]]s.
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  • #REDIRECT[[Stewart's theorem]]
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  • ...other. Suppose we are given an order to count the number of handshakes. It's not a matter of a great deal if there are less than 10 persons. But assume ...s <math>n</math>.So there will be <math>n*(n-1)</math> handshakes. Now let's try our formula for two people. According to the formula we get 2 handshake
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  • ...ulate with <math>4</math> <math>A</math>s and <math>3</math> <math>B</math>s. Using constructive counting is an idea, but there are multiple ways one mi ...xes, so we don't have to account for them after choosing the <math>A</math>s. Thus, there are <math>35</math> different permutations of <math>AAAABBB</m
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  • '''Jensen's Inequality''' is an inequality discovered by Danish mathematician Johan Jen One of the simplest examples of Jensen's inequality is the [[quadratic mean]] - [[arithmetic mean]] inequality. Taki
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  • ...digit can be <math>9</math> digits, with zero included and the first digit's number removed. Then there are <math>9 + 3 \cdot 81 = 252</math> of these n
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  • ...idean domain]], the most common of which is the [[nonnegative]] [[integer]]s <math>\mathbb{Z}{\geq 0}</math>, without [[factoring]] them. ~The congruence sign above should be replaced by the normal equal sign. It's important to note that <math>a \pmod{b} = r</math><br>is the same as <math>
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  • ...lected are the same as the entries in the <math>n</math>th row of [[Pascal's Triangle]]. .../math> will be the entries of the <math>n^\text{th}</math> row of [[Pascal's Triangle]]. This is explained further in the Counting and Probability textb
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  • ...10,..., 95</math> or <math>1 \cdot 5, 2 \cdot 5,..., 19 \cdot 5</math>; it's easy to see that there are <math>19</math> of them. Thus, our answer is is Next, we find the possibilities where every house's next-door neighbor is a different color. Using a constructive approach, she
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  • == Pascal's Identity == Pascal's Identity states that
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  • A circle is defined as the [[set]] (or [[locus]]) of [[point]]s in a [[plane]] with an equal distance from a fixed point. The fixed point '''Case 1:''' The circle's area is greater than the triangle's area.
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  • Equivalently, it is defined as the [[locus]], or [[set]], of all [[point]]s <math>P</math> such that the sum of the distances from <math>P</math> to tw ...They occur in nature as well as in mathematics: as was proven in [[Kepler's Laws]], the planets all revolve about the sun in elliptical, not circular,
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  • ...^2</math>'s, and the fourth digit tells us there are two <math>10^3</math>'s. ...M=1000). Imagine how difficult it would be to multiply LXV by MDII! That's why the introduction of the '''Arabic numeral system''', base-10, revolutio
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  • [[Binary]] is base 2. It's a favorite among computer programmers. It has just two digits: <math>0</mat ...ically count in base 10 with partial conversions to base 8 on the way. Let's multiply <math>12345_8</math> by <math>7_8</math>. <math>5\cdot 7=35_{10}=4
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  • ...ion of an interval|tagged partition]] on <math>[a,b]</math>, then <math>|L-S(f,\mathcal{\dot{P}})|<\epsilon</math> Here, <math>S(f,\mathcal{\dot{P}})</math> is the [[Riemann sum]] of <math>f</math> on <ma
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  • The sum of two numbers is <math>S</math>. Suppose <math>3</math> is added to each number and then Suppose the two numbers are <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, with <math>a+b=S</math>.
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  • Let <math>P(n)</math> and <math>S(n)</math> denote the product and the sum, respectively, of the digits of the integer <math>n</math>. For example, <math>P(23) = 6</math> and <math>S(23) = 5</math>. Suppose <math>N</math> is a
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  • Let <math>A</math>, <math>T</math> be Kristin's annual income and the income tax total, respectively. Notice that
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  • ...ge|sides]] have equal length and all [[angle | angles]] are [[right angle]]s. ...a <math>A</math> of a square with side length <math>s</math> is <math> A = s^2 </math>.
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  • ...tp://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/sat/about.html The College Board's SAT I Website]
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  • ...d 4 students will take their test (which is distinct from levels 1 and 2’s test), and similarly, up to levels 11 and 12. Levels 1 through 4 tests is ...answered or incorrectly answered questions, so it will be to the student’s advantage to guess questions he or she cannot solve. Thus, the maximum sco
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  • ...mpetition with the top eight scorers of each team counted towards the team's total. The test is 35 minutes long and assumes the use of a calculator.
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  • * [https://simiode.org/scudem SIMIODE SCUDEM] -- SIMIODE's (Systemic Initiative for Modeling Investigations and Opportunities using Di
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  • ...ite]] [[set]] of integers has an [[infinite]] number of [[common multiple]]s, but only one LCM. The LCM of a set of numbers <math>\{a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n\} Let's use our first example. The GCD of 4 and 6 is 2. Using the above equation,
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  • == Vieta's/Newton Factorizations == ...e a polynomial, and ask a question about the roots. Combined with [[Vieta's formulas]], these are excellent, useful factorizations.
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  • ...eam works together on this round, and submits one set of answers. The team's score is 10 times the number of correct answers, for a maximum of 80 points ...ly. The winner adds 10 points to his or her individual score (and his team's team score) and the 2nd place individual adds 5 points. While these point t
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  • '''Ptolemy's Inequality''' is a famous inequality attributed to the Greek mathematician *[[Ptolemy's Theorem]]
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  • label("$D$",(70,0),S); label("$D$",(70,0),S);
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  • label("$M$", M, S); [[Stewart's Theorem]] applied to the case <math>m=n</math>, gives the length of the med
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  • ...al to 3.141592653. The number pi is one of the most important [[constant]]s in all of mathematics and appears in some of the most surprising places, su ...results in mathematics since it involves five of the greatest [[constant]]s: [[e]], pi, [[i]], [[unity | 1]], and [[zero (constant)| 0]].
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  • * <math>\phi</math> is also commonly used to represent [[Euler's totient function]].
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  • The '''Fibonacci sequence''' is a [[sequence]] of [[integer]]s in which the first and second terms are both equal to 1 and each subsequent ...]] with constant coefficients. There is also an explicit formula [[#Binet's formula|below]].
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  • There's another way to look at it: The following is a proof of the multi-variable Chain Rule. It's a "rigorized" version of the intuitive argument given above.
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  • '''Muirhead's Inequality''' states that if a sequence <math>p</math> [[Majorization|major ...ath> majorizes <math>(4,2)</math> (as <math>5>4, 5+1=4+2</math>), Muirhead's inequality states that for any positive <math>x,y</math>,
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  • ...t]]s. For [[finite]] sets, the cardinality of is the number of [[element]]s in that set, i.e. the size of the set. The cardinality of <math>\{3, 4\}</ ...can reasonably talk about the least cardinal in bijection with a set <math>S</math>. In the absence of <math>\sf{AC}</math>, one can define cardinals us
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  • label("B",B,S);
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  • This section is for people who know what [[integral]]s are but don't know the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus yet, and would like ...ight line, and its velocity at time <math>{t}</math> is <math>t^3</math> m/s. Exactly how far does the object go between times <math>t=2</math> sec and
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  • *[https://lawyerbound.com/scholarship LawyerBound’s “Spokane Community Scholarship 2023] applicants must be planning on atten ...tion to reduce the occurrence of fatal accidents for tourists on Florida’s roadways.
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  • ...niors gain admission and full four-year scholarships to some of the nation's most selective colleges. [http://www.questbridge.org/ website] * [[KFC Colonel's Scholars Program]] [http://www.kfcscholars.org/ website]
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  • ...th>s\sqrt{2}</math> because the longer length was the diagonal of the cube's base and the shorter length was a side of the cube. label("$1$",(A--C),NW); label("$1$",(B--C),NE); label("$\sqrt{2}$",(A--B),S);
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  • ...</math> is the total perimeter of a figure. It is typically denoted <math>s</math>. ...math> is the [[area]] of a [[triangle]] and <math>r</math> is the triangle's [[inradius]] (that is, the [[radius]] of the [[circle]] [[inscribed]] in th
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  • ...hat order) and [[diagonal]]s of length <math>p, q</math>. '''Bretschneider's formula''' states that the [[area]] [[Lagrange's Identity]] states that <math>|\vec{a}|^2|\vec{b}|^2-(\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b})^2
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  • MC(-10,"\vec{v}+\vec{w}",D((0,0)--(5,-1),red+p,Arrow),S); where <math>\hat{i},\hat{j},\hat{k}</math> are [[unit vector]]s along the coordinate axes, or equivalently, <math>\bold{a}\times\bold{b}=\l
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  • ...iscrete logarithm, used in [[cryptography]] via [[modular arithmetic]]. It's the lowest value <math>c</math> such that <math>a^c=mx+b</math> for given < It's related to the usual logarithm by the fact that if <math>b</math> isn't an
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  • ...of Cosines''' is a theorem which relates the side-[[length]]s and [[angle]]s of a [[triangle]]. It can be derived in several different ways, the most co ...length <math>a</math>, <math>b</math> and <math>c</math> opposite [[angle]]s of measure <math>A</math>, <math>B</math> and <math>C</math>, respectively,
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  • ...hur's Inequality''' is an [[inequality]] that holds for [[positive number]]s. It is named for Issai Schur. Schur's inequality states that for all non-negative <math>a,b,c \in \mathbb{R}</mat
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  • [[Euler's identity]] states that <math>e^{ix} = \cos (x) + i \sin(x)</math>. We have === Euler's identity ===
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  • ...emsolving.com/wiki/index.php/Godel%27s_First_Incompleteness_Theorem Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem]
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  • #REDIRECT[[Vieta's formulas]]
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  • * [[Reader's Digest National Word Power Challenge | Word Power Challenge]] The premier v
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  • ...[real number]] that cannot be expressed as the [[ratio]] of two [[integer]]s. Equivalently, an irrational number, when expressed in [[decimal notation] Because the [[rational number]]s are [[countable]] while the reals are [[uncountable]], one can say that the
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  • The '''complex plane''' is one representation of the [[complex number]]s. It is a [[coordinate plane]] with two perpendicular axes, the real axis ( * [[De Moivre's Theorem]]
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  • The '''complex numbers''' arise when we try to solve [[equation]]s such as <math> x^2 = -1 </math>. ...lex numbers contains the set <math>\mathbb{R}</math> of the [[real number]]s, since <math>a = a + 0i</math>.
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  • '''Cis''' notation is a [[polar form | polar]] notation for [[complex number]]s. For all complex numbers <math>z</math>, we can write <math>z=r\mathrm{cis ...\theta}</math> rather than <math>r\mathrm{cis }(\theta)</math>, as [[Euler's formula]] states that
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  • * [[Reader's Digest National Word Power Challenge | Word Power Challenge]] The premier v
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  • ...everal years of strong performances by the second team, and the third team's seventh place finish in the B division in 2011. Historically, in 1992 Georg
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  • ...ts of unity come up when we examine the [[complex number|complex]] [[root]]s of the [[polynomial]] <math> x^n=1 </math>. ** This is an immediate result of [[Vieta's formulas]] on the polynomial <math> x^n-1 = 0 </math> and [[Newton sums]].
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  • ...XYZ</math> with [[incenter]] ''I'', [[incircle]] (blue), [[angle bisector]]s (orange), and [[angle bisector|external angle bisectors]] (green)}} * [[Stewart's Theorem]]
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  • Crawford's user page can be found [[user:MCrawford | here]].
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  • ...= a_1(r^n-1).</cmath> Dividing both sides by <math>r-1</math> yields <math>S=\frac{a_1(r^n-1)}{r-1}</math>, as desired. <math>\square</math> ...a_1r^2 + \cdots = S.</cmath> Thus, <math>rS + a_1 = S</math>, and so <math>S = \frac{a_1}{1-r}</math>. <math>\square</math>
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  • ...+ (a_1 + a_n) + \cdots + (a_1 + a_n) = n(a_1 + a_n),</cmath> and so <math>S = \frac{n(a_1 + a_n)}{2}</math>, as required. <math>\square</math>
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  • '''Fermat's Last Theorem''' is a recently proven [[theorem]] stating that for positive Fermat's Last Theorem was proposed by [[Pierre de Fermat]] in the <math>1600s</math>
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  • ...s <math>L_2</math>, <math>L_3</math>, and <math>L_4</math> iff the problem's condition is met. ...math>A_2=\dfrac{k_3-k_4}{s(k_2+k_3-k_4)}</math>, <math>B_2=\dfrac{k_2-k_4}{s(k_2+k_3-k_4)}</math>, <math>C_2=\dfrac{1}{k_2+k_3-k_4}</math>.
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  • See also: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9zout%27s_identity Bézout's identity]. A Pythagorean triple is a set of three [[integer]]s that satisfy the [[Pythagorean Theorem]], <math>a^2+b^2=c^2</math>. There a
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  • ...d the area of a region bounded by parts of [[circle]]s and [[line segment]]s through elementary means. One can find the area of even more complex regio [[Rectangle]]s are the most basic figures whose area we can study. It makes sense that th
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  • ...where <math>r=|z| = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}</math>. By [[Euler's identity|Euler's formula]], which states that <math>e^{i\theta}=\cos\theta+i\sin\theta</math label("Re",2*C/3,S);
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  • * [[Hermite's Identity]]: <cmath>\lfloor na\rfloor = \left\lfloor a\right\rfloor+\left\lf * How many of the first 1000 [[positive integer]]s can be expressed in the form
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  • '''Pascal's triangle''' is a triangle which contains the values from the [[binomial exp ...oose k}}=2^n</math>, the sum of the values on row <math>n</math> of Pascal's Triangle is <math>2^n</math>.
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  • ...sums''' give us a clever and efficient way of finding the sums of [[root]]s of a [[polynomial]] raised to a power. They can also be used to derive sev Newton's sums tell us that,
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  • ==Solution 3 (No Miquel's point)== *[[Miquel's point]]
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  • ...efinition) defines the operation of "multiplication by [[positive integer]]s." We can then extend the notion of multiplication to non-integers. ...ch as <math>2^{-4}</math>? How do we multiply 2 by itself -4 times!? Let's think about what a negative sign means a little more. When we append a neg
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  • ...n [[real number]] <math>x</math> can be approximated by [[rational number]]s. Of course, since the rationals are dense on the real line, we, surely, can ==Dirichlet's theorem==
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  • == U.S. Physics Summer Programs == * [[Art of Problem Solving's 8-month online Olympiad-level physics course (PhysicsWOOT)]] [https://artof
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  • ...[[Law of Sines]] and the [[Law of Cosines]]; many more, such as [[Stewart's Theorem]], are most easily proven using trigonometry. In algebra, expressio A common mnemonic to remember this is '''SOH-CAH-TOA''', where '''S'''ine = '''O'''pposite / '''H'''ypotenuse, '''C'''osine = '''A'''djacent /
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  • '''Euler's number''' is a [[constant]] that appears in a variety of mathematical conte An approximation for Euler's number is <math>e\approx 2.7182818284590452...</math>
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  • ...with the first three kinds of invitations. Black MOP consists of that year's USAMO winners and contains the IMO team members and alternates. Blue MOP is ...ng practice test for an average of roughly 9 hours a day of math- and that's before time spent doing problem sets and working on the team contest outsid
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  • ...f complex numbers would be quite similar to the calculus of [[real number]]s, but, amazingly, this turns out to be not the case. There are many patholog == Liouville's Theorem ==
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  • ...ric mean]], and [[harmonic mean]] of a set of [[positive]] [[real number]]s <math>x_1,\ldots,x_n</math> that says: ...g radicals because the 0th root of any number is undefined when the number's absolute value is greater than or equal to 1. This creates the indeterminat
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  • ...every [[even integer]] greater than two is the sum of two [[prime number]]s. The conjecture has been tested up to 400,000,000,000,000. Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest unsolved problems in [[number theory]] and
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  • ...m]]) that states that there are [[infinite]]ly many pairs of [[twin prime]]s, i.e. pairs of primes that differ by <math>2</math>. ...infinitude of twin primes is an idea adopted from the proof of [[Dirichlet's Theorem]]. If one can show that the sum
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  • === Polya's Proof That All horses Are the Same Color === ...es in a group of 1 horse have the same color to be true. Of course, there's only 1 horse in the group so certainly our base case holds.
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  • ...e zeta function, it is easy to see that <math>\zeta(s)=0</math> when <math>s=-2,-4,-6,\ldots</math>. These are called the trivial zeros. This hypothesi ...Riemann Hypothesis is an important problem in the study of [[prime number]]s. Let <math>\pi(x)</math> denote the number of primes less than or equal to
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  • Let <math>a</math> and <math>m</math> be [[integer]]s, with <math>m\neq 0</math>. We say that <math>a</math> is a '''quadratic re Euler's criterion: <math>\left(\frac{a}{p}\right) \equiv a^{\frac{p-1}{2}} \mod p</
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  • ...holds between the lengths of the [[line segment]]s formed when two [[line]]s [[intersect]] a [[circle]] and each other. ...re. Let two arbitrary lines passing through <math>P</math> intersect <math>S</math> at <math>A_1,B_1;A_2,B_2</math>, respectively. Then
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  • ...onconstant]] [[polynomial]] with [[complex number|complex]] [[coefficient]]s has a complex [[root]]. In fact, every known proof of this theorem involves === Proof by Liouville's Theorem ===
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  • We say a [[nonincreasing]] [[sequence]] of [[real number]]s <math> a_1, \ldots ,a_n</math> '''majorizes''' another nonincreasing sequen * [[Karamata's Inequality]]
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  • ...Olympiad''' is the pinnacle of all high school [[mathematics competition]]s and the oldest of all international scientific competitions. Each year, co ...ally, however, the scores of each team are compared each year where a team's score is the sum of their individual scores.
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  • the exception of [[Fermat's Last Theorem]]. (Fortunately, the proof asymptotic formula for the distribution of the [[prime number]]s;
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  • ''See also: [[Hölder's inequality]]'' ...n, \dotsc, z_1, z_2, \dotsc, z_n</math> are [[nonnegative]] [[real number]]s and <math>\lambda_a, \lambda_b, \dotsc, \lambda_z</math> are nonnegative re
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  • ...surjection]] <math>f:S\to\mathbb{Z}</math>. If this is not the case, <math>S</math> is said to be [[finite]]. ...inite if it can be put into [[bijection]] with one of its proper [[subset]]s.
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  • ...>F</math> denote the number of [[vertex|vertices]], [[edge]]s, and [[face]]s, respectively. Then <math>V-E+F=2</math>. Apply Euler's Polyhedral Formula on the following polyhedra:
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  • ...y ordered set]] <math>(S,\prec)</math> for which each set <math>A\subseteq S</math> has a [[minimum]] element. ...Well-Ordering theorem is equivalent to the [[Axiom of choice]] and [[Zorn's Lemma]].
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  • ...angle''' is a [[quadrilateral]] in which all [[angle]]s are [[right angle]]s. ...n addition, rectangles have [[congruent (geometry)|congruent]] [[diagonal]]s.
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  • * Look at famous theorems and formulas and see if there's any way you can make a good problem out of them. ! scope="row" | '''Mock AMC S'''
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  • ...oblemsolving.com/community/c5t183f5h1074599_trumpeters_mock_aime Trumpeter's Mock AIME] ** [https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c594864h2441992 Treemath's Mock AIME]
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  • ...lex number]]s and its [[subset]]s such as the [[real number]]s, [[integer]]s, etc.) because <math>\displaystyle a + b = b + a</math>. However, the oper ...ath>G: S \to S</math> is commutative if and only if <math>\forall a, b \in S, G(a, b) = G(b, a)</math>.
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  • ...ermutation of a set <math>S</math> is simply a [[bijection]] between <math>S</math> and itself. ...<math>r</math>-element [[subset]] of a set with <math>n</math> [[element]]s, where order matters. To find how many ways we can do this, note that for
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  • ...we can associate various algebraic objects, such as [[group]]s and [[ring]]s. ...ath> that start and end at <math>x</math>, i.e. all [[continuous function]]s <math>f:[0,1]\to X</math> with <math>f(0)=f(1)=x</math>. Call this collecti
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  • '''Bertrand's postulate''' states that for any [[positive integer]] <math>n</math>, there It is similar to the proof of Chebyshev's estimates in the [[Prime Number Theorem|prime number theorem]] article but
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  • ...sity]]. He is most widely known as the mathematician who proved [[Fermat's Last Theorem]].
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  • <cmath>\zeta (s)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^s}= 1+\frac{1}{2^s}+\frac{1}{3^s}+\frac{1}{4^s}+\cdots</cmath>
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  • Let's use a clock as an example, except let's replace the <math>12</math> at the top of the clock with a <math>0</math>. Now let's look back at this solution, using modular arithmetic from the start. Note
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  • * [[Jensen's Inequality]] * [[Karamata's Inequality]]
    2 KB (417 words) - 00:10, 20 February 2016
  • ...The most common example of an uncountable set is the set of [[real number]]s <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. ...)|</math>, where <math>\mathcal{P}(S)</math> is the [[power set]] of <math>S</math>. First, we note that the [[Cantor set]] <math>\mathcal{C}</math> has
    2 KB (403 words) - 20:53, 13 October 2019
  • ...ers seem to fail in <math>\mathbb{Z}_{21}</math>? To understand this, let's take a closer look at the congruence * [[Fermat's Little Theorem]]
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  • label("$a$", midpoint(C--B), S); ...re very useful in [[geometry]] and for finding the [[area]]s of [[polygon]]s. The most important relationship for right triangles is the [[Pythagorean
    3 KB (499 words) - 23:41, 11 June 2022
  • ...or <math>2^S</math>. The number of subsets of <math>S</math> is <math>2^{|S|}</math>.
    1 KB (217 words) - 09:32, 13 August 2011
  • ...rty. For example, consider the function <math>f(x)</math> over the [[real]]s defined as follows: <cmath>f(x) = \begin{cases} 0 & \text{if } x\neq 0,\\ 1 ...>. Here <math>d_A</math> and <math>d_B</math> are the [[distance function]]s of <math>A</math> and <math>B</math>, respectively.
    7 KB (1,325 words) - 13:51, 1 June 2015
  • ...f <math> \mathcal{A}. </math> Find the number of possible values of <math> S. </math> Let <math> N </math> be the number of consecutive 0's at the right end of the decimal representation of the product <math> 1!2!3!
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  • triple M=(B+C)/2,S=(4*A+T)/5; draw(T--S--B--T--C--B--S--C);draw(B--A--C--A--S,ddash);draw(T--O--M,ddash);
    6 KB (980 words) - 21:45, 31 March 2020
  • ...ldots,</math> and <math>2^{n-1}-2^{n-2} = 2^{n-2}</math> elements of <math>S</math> that are divisible by <math>2^1</math> but not by <math>2^2</math>. We are certainly not going to expand all of this out... so let's look for patterns from these <math>4</math> values!
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  • |<math>\S</math>||\S||<math>\P</math>||\P||<math>\Vdash</math>||\Vdash Thx for taking the time to scroll through and read all this... Here's a treat: https://t3.ftcdn.net/jpg/01/65/99/48/360_F_165994815_BzUNaOCtcf2jV
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  • ...\mathcal{R} </math> into two regions of equal area. Line <math> l </math>'s equation can be expressed in the form <math> ax=by+c, </math> where <math> Assume that if unit [[square]]s are drawn circumscribing the circles, then the line will divide the area of
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  • ...log_8 (a^{12}r^{66})=2006</math> for <math>a, r</math> [[positive integer]]s. <math>a^{12}r^{66}=8^{2006} = (2^3)^{2006} = (2^6)^{1003}</math> so <math> ...h>x=1</math> because <math>1001=91*11</math>. Because only [[even integer]]s are being subtracted from <math>1003</math>, the numerator never equals an
    4 KB (651 words) - 18:27, 22 May 2021
  • ...as shown. Rhombuses <math> \mathcal{P, Q, R,} </math> and <math> \mathcal{S} </math> are [[congruent (geometry) | congruent]], and each has [[area]] <m label("$\mathcal{S}$",(4.2,-2.2),SW);
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  • An [[angle]] is drawn on a set of equally spaced [[parallel]] [[line]]s as shown. The [[ratio]] of the [[area]] of shaded [[region]] <math> C </mat label("$\mathcal{A}$", A+0.2*dir(-17), S);
    4 KB (709 words) - 01:50, 10 January 2022
  • ...> are distinct [[digit]]s. Find the sum of the elements of <math> \mathcal{S}. </math> ...solution can be determined by dividing the total number of [[permutation]]s by 2. The answer is <math>\frac{10 \cdot 9 \cdot 8}{2} = \frac{720}{2}= \bo
    2 KB (237 words) - 19:14, 20 November 2023
  • Let <math> N </math> be the number of consecutive <math>0</math>'s at the right end of the decimal representation of the product <math> 1!2!3!
    2 KB (278 words) - 08:33, 4 November 2022
  • Here's another way to finish using this solution. From the above, you have <cmath>
    4 KB (622 words) - 03:53, 10 December 2022
  • ...f <math> \mathcal{A}. </math> Find the number of possible values of <math> S. </math> ...>4995</math> are possible values of S, so the number of possible values of S is <math>4995-4095+1=901</math>.
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  • * [http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User's Guide]
    505 bytes (73 words) - 01:18, 10 November 2023
  • ...'binary'' if all of the digits are either <math>0</math>s or <math>1</math>s with leading zeros allowed. How many days in a year are binary? ...they are both at the same point, not necessarily a vertex. What is the ant's expected lifespan in seconds?
    12 KB (1,784 words) - 16:49, 1 April 2021
  • ...wo sit in the back. Either Mr. Lopez or Mrs. Lopez must sit in the driver's seat. How many seating arrangements are possible? ...he resulting ratio of the amount of cream in Joe's coffee to that in JoAnn's coffee?
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  • Sandwiches at Joe's Fast Food cost <math>3</math> dollars each and sodas cost <math>2</math> do The ratio of Mary's age to Alice's age is <math>3:5</math>. Alice is <math>30</math> years old. How old is Mar
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  • ...had ridden for twice the length of time as Mike and at four-fifths of Mike's rate. How many miles had Mike ridden when they met? ...tangent to both axes and to the second and third circles. What is <math>r/s</math>?
    13 KB (1,971 words) - 13:03, 19 February 2020
  • ...</math> is deducted to pay local taxes. How many cents per hour of Alicia's wages are used to pay local taxes? ...ghters and granddaughters, and no great-granddaughters. How many of Bertha's daughters and grand-daughters have no daughters?
    13 KB (1,953 words) - 00:31, 26 January 2023
  • ...math> is in <math>S</math>, what is the smallest number of points in <math>S</math>? label("$M$",M,S);
    13 KB (1,955 words) - 21:06, 19 August 2023
  • ...</math> arc of circle B. What is the ratio of circle A's area and circle B's area? ...set <math>\{1, 2, \ldots, 10\}</math>. What is the probability that Sergio's number is larger than the sum of the two numbers chosen by Tina?
    12 KB (1,792 words) - 13:06, 19 February 2020
  • ...ence <math>1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,\ldots </math> starts with two <math>1</math>'s, and each term afterwards is the sum of its two predecessors. Which one of label("Figure",(0.5,-1),S);
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  • The sum of two numbers is <math>S</math>. Suppose <math>3</math> is added to each number and then Let <math>P(n)</math> and <math>S(n)</math> denote the product and the sum, respectively, of the digits
    13 KB (1,957 words) - 12:53, 24 January 2024
  • ...y for two weeks. A green pill costs 1 dollar more than a pink pill, and Al's pills cost a total of 546 dollars for the two weeks. How much does one gree Penniless Pete's piggy bank has no pennies in it, but it has 100 coins, all nickels, dimes,
    13 KB (1,987 words) - 18:53, 10 December 2022
  • ...border she exchanged them all, receiving 10 Canadian dollars for every 7 U.S. dollars. After spending 60 Canadian dollars, she had <math>d</math> Canadi label("$N$",N,S);
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  • At the beginning of the school year, Lisa's goal was to earn an A on at least <math>80\%</math> of her <math>50</math> Let <math>S</math> be the set of ordered triples <math>(x,y,z)</math> of real numbers f
    12 KB (1,781 words) - 12:38, 14 July 2022
  • ...rgin of 14 points, then the Panthers' score would be half of (34-14). That's 10 <math>\Rightarrow \boxed{\text{(A)}}</math>.
    910 bytes (136 words) - 13:39, 13 February 2016
  • ...wo sit in the back. Either Mr. Lopez or Mrs. Lopez must sit in the driver's seat. How many seating arrangements are possible? There are only two possible occupants for the driver's seat. After the driver is chosen, any of the remaining three people can sit
    1 KB (213 words) - 15:33, 9 April 2024
  • Let's set the middle (tens) digit first. The middle digit can be anything from 2-
    3 KB (409 words) - 17:10, 30 April 2024
  • ...he resulting ratio of the amount of cream in Joe's coffee to that in JoAnn's coffee?
    927 bytes (137 words) - 10:45, 4 July 2013
  • ...ath> and <math>HP</math> has a length of <math>2</math>, so by pythagorean's, <math>OH</math> is <math>\sqrt{32}</math>.
    3 KB (458 words) - 16:40, 6 October 2019
  • ...tead, we do not need to know the value of the apothem. We could just apply s, which is the side length in this problem, <math>\frac{5\sqrt{6}}{3}</math>
    1 KB (203 words) - 16:36, 18 September 2023
  • ...n to be my age." Which of the following is not the age of one of Mr. Jones's children? If <math>b=1</math>, the number is not divisible by <math>2</math> (unless it's <math>1818</math>, which is not divisible by <math>4</math>), which means t
    4 KB (696 words) - 09:47, 10 August 2015
  • ...> and because <math>a=\frac{l+w}{2}</math>, or one-fourth of the rectangle's perimeter, we multiply by four to get an answer of <math>\boxed{8\sqrt{1003
    2 KB (339 words) - 13:15, 12 July 2015
  • To see how we can do better, let's rearrange the terms as follows:
    5 KB (881 words) - 15:52, 23 June 2021
  • ...math>\overline{AC}</math> and <math>\overline{BC}</math> have length <math>s=\sqrt{a+b\sqrt{2}}</math>, where <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are posi MP("s",(A+C)/2,plain.S,f);
    7 KB (1,169 words) - 14:04, 10 June 2022
  • ...0 \le y \le \frac{\pi}{2}</math>. What is the area of the subset of <math>S</math> for which <cmath> MP("\frac{\pi}{6}", (1,0), plain.S);
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  • Let's keep in mind that <math>2006 \equiv 2 \pmod 3</math> and that <math>a_1 = 9
    5 KB (924 words) - 12:02, 15 June 2022
  • Bezout's Lemma:
    3 KB (442 words) - 03:13, 8 August 2022
  • ...ent to the circle, and <math>AF=\sqrt{9+5\sqrt{2}}</math>. What is <math>r/s</math>? real s = 90;
    6 KB (958 words) - 23:29, 28 September 2023
  • ...S=(a_1,a_2,\ldots ,a_n)</math> of <math>n</math> real numbers, let <math>A(S)</math> be the sequence .../math>, and let <math>S=(1,x,x^2,\ldots ,x^{100})</math>. If <math>A^{100}(S)=(1/2^{50})</math>, then what is <math>x</math>?
    3 KB (466 words) - 22:40, 29 September 2023
  • ...math> is even or <math>b</math> is even and <math>c</math> is odd. Now let's do some casework to see how many terms fit this criteria:
    8 KB (1,332 words) - 17:37, 17 September 2023
  • How many non-[[empty set | empty]] [[subset]]s <math>S</math> of <math>\{1,2,3,\ldots ,15\}</math> have the following two properti <math>(1)</math> No two consecutive [[integer]]s belong to <math>S</math>.
    8 KB (1,405 words) - 11:52, 27 September 2022
  • ...ow many [[equilateral]] [[triangle]]s all have their [[vertices]] in <math>S</math>? label("$x=2$",(1,0,0),S);
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  • Let <math>m = </math> Brianna's money. We have <math>\frac15 m = \frac13 (\mbox{CDs}) \Rightarrow \frac35
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  • At the beginning of the school year, Lisa's goal was to earn an <math>A</math> on at least <math>80\%</math> of her <ma ...>A</math>'s on <math>22</math> quizzes, so she needs to get <math>A</math>'s on <math>40-22=18</math> more. There are <math>50-30=20</math> quizzes lef
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  • == Solution 3 (Stewart's Theorem) == Let <math>BD=k</math>. Then, by [[Stewart's Theorem]],
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  • label("$x$",(5,0),S); label("4",(4,0),S);
    2 KB (357 words) - 20:15, 27 December 2020
  • ...px + m = 0</math> are <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, then using Vieta's formulas, * [[Vieta's Formulas]]
    2 KB (317 words) - 12:27, 16 December 2021
  • label("$x$",(Xmax+0.25,0),S);
    2 KB (278 words) - 21:12, 24 December 2020

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