Difference between revisions of "2023 AIME II Problems/Problem 15"
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+ | == Solution (Binary Interpretation, Computer Scientists' Playground) == | ||
+ | |||
+ | We first check that <math>\gcd(23, 2^n) = 1</math> hence we are always seeking a unique modular inverse of <math>23</math>, <math>b_n</math>, such that <math>a_n \equiv 23b_n \equiv 1 \mod{2^n}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Now that we know that <math>b_n</math> is unique, we proceed to recast this problem in binary. This is convenient because <math>x \mod{2^n}</math> is simply the last <math>n</math>-bits of <math>x</math> in binary, and if <math>x \equiv 1 \mod{2^n}</math>, it means that of the last <math>n</math> bits of <math>x</math>, only the rightmost bit (henceforth <math>0</math>th bit) is <math>1</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Also, multiplication in binary can be thought of as adding shifted copies of the multiplicand. For example: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath> | ||
+ | \begin{align} | ||
+ | 10111_2 \times 1011_2 &= 10111_2 \times (1000_2 + 10_2 + 1_2) \ | ||
+ | &= 10111000_2 + 101110_2 + 10111_2 \ | ||
+ | &= 11111101_2 | ||
+ | \end{align} | ||
+ | </cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Now note <math>23 = 10111_2</math>, and recall that our objective is to progressively zero out the <math>n</math> leftmost bits of <math>a_n = 10111_2 \times b_n</math> except for the <math>0</math>th bit. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Write <math>b_n = \underline{c_{n-1}\cdots c_2c_1c_0}_2</math>, we note that <math>c_0</math> uniquely defines the <math>0</math>th bit of <math>a_n</math>, and once we determine <math>c_0</math>, <math>c_1</math> uniquely determines the <math>1</math>st bit of <math>a_n</math>, so on and so forth. | ||
+ | |||
+ | For example, <math>c_0 = 1</math> satisfies <math>a_1 \equiv10111_2 \times 1_2 \equiv 1 \mod{10_2}</math> | ||
+ | Next, we note that the second bit of <math>a_1</math> is <math>1</math>, so we must also have <math>c_1 = 1</math> in order to zero it out, giving | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>a_2 \equiv 10111_2 \times 11_2 \equiv 101110_2 + a_1 \equiv 1000101_2 \equiv 01_2 \mod{100_2}</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>a_{n+1} = a_{n}</math> happens precisely when <math>c_n = 0</math>. In fact we can see this in action by working out <math>a_3</math>. Note that <math>a_2</math> has 1 on the <math>2</math>nd bit, so we must choose <math>c_2 = 1</math>. This gives | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>a_3 \equiv 10111_2 \times 111_2 \equiv 1011100_2 + a_2 \equiv 10100001_2 \equiv 001_2 \mod{1000_2}</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Note that since the <math>3</math>rd and <math>4</math>th bit are <math>0</math>, <math>c_3 = c_4 = 0</math>, and this gives <math>a_3 = a_4 = a_5</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | It may seem that this process will take forever, but note that <math>23 = 10111_2</math> has <math>4</math> bits behind the leading digit, and in the worst case, the leading digits of <math>a_n</math> will have a cycle length of at most <math>16</math>. In fact, we find that the cycle length is <math>11</math>, and in the process found that <math>a_3 = a_4 = a_5</math>, <math>a_6 = a_7</math>, and <math>a_{11} = a_{12}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since we have <math>90</math> complete cycles of length <math>11</math>, and the last partial cycle yields <math>a_{993} = a_{994} = a_{995}</math> and <math>a_{996} = a_{997}</math>, we have a total of <math>90 \times 4 + 3 = \boxed{363}</math> values of <math>n \le 1000</math> such that <math>a_n = a_{n+1}</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ~ cocoa @ https://www.corgillogical.com | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
{{AIME box|year=2023|num-b=14|after=Last Problem|n=II}} | {{AIME box|year=2023|num-b=14|after=Last Problem|n=II}} | ||
{{MAA Notice}} | {{MAA Notice}} |
Revision as of 18:55, 16 February 2023
For each positive integer let be the least positive integer multiple of such that Find the number of positive integers less than or equal to that satisfy
Contents
[hide]Solution
Denote . Thus, for each , we need to find smallest positive integer , such that
Thus, we need to find smallest , such that
Now, we find the smallest , such that . We must have . That is, . We find .
Therefore, for each , we need to find smallest , such that
We have the following results: \begin{enumerate} \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \end{enumerate}
Therefore, in each cycle, , we have , , , , such that . That is, . At the boundary of two consecutive cycles, .
We have . Therefore, the number of feasible is .
~Steven Chen (Professor Chen Education Palace, www.professorchenedu.com)
Solution 2
Observe that if is divisible by , . If not, .
This encourages us to let . Rewriting the above equations, we have Now, we start listing. We know that , so , , , , , , , , , , . Hence the sequence is periodic with period 11. Note that if and only if , i.e. is even. This occurrs when is congruent to 0, 3, 4 or 6 mod 11.
From 1 to , there are values of . Since satisfies the criteria, we subtract 1 to get , and we're done!
Solution (Binary Interpretation, Computer Scientists' Playground)
We first check that hence we are always seeking a unique modular inverse of , , such that .
Now that we know that is unique, we proceed to recast this problem in binary. This is convenient because is simply the last -bits of in binary, and if , it means that of the last bits of , only the rightmost bit (henceforth th bit) is .
Also, multiplication in binary can be thought of as adding shifted copies of the multiplicand. For example:
Now note , and recall that our objective is to progressively zero out the leftmost bits of except for the th bit.
Write , we note that uniquely defines the th bit of , and once we determine , uniquely determines the st bit of , so on and so forth.
For example, satisfies Next, we note that the second bit of is , so we must also have in order to zero it out, giving
happens precisely when . In fact we can see this in action by working out . Note that has 1 on the nd bit, so we must choose . This gives
Note that since the rd and th bit are , , and this gives .
It may seem that this process will take forever, but note that has bits behind the leading digit, and in the worst case, the leading digits of will have a cycle length of at most . In fact, we find that the cycle length is , and in the process found that , , and .
Since we have complete cycles of length , and the last partial cycle yields and , we have a total of values of such that
~ cocoa @ https://www.corgillogical.com
See also
2023 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 14 |
Followed by Last Problem | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
All AIME Problems and Solutions |
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