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Difference between revisions of "Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick"

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==About==
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==The General Statement==
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'''Dr. Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick''' (abbreviated '''SFFT''') is a special factorization first popularized by [[AoPS]] user [[user:ComplexZeta | Simon Rubinstein-Salzedo]].
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Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick (SFFT) (made by AoPS user [https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/user/1233 Complex Zeta]) is often used in a Diophantine equation where factoring is needed. The most common form it appears is when there is a constant on one side of the equation and a product of variables with each of those variables in a linear term on the other side. An example would be: <cmath>xy+66x-88y=23333</cmath>where <math>23333</math> is the constant term, <math>xy</math> is the product of the variables, <math>66x</math> and <math>-88y</math> are the variables in linear terms.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Let's put it in general terms. We have an equation <math>xy+jx+ky=a</math>, where <math>j</math>, <math>k</math>, and <math>a</math> are integer constants, and the coefficient of xy must be 1(If it is not 1, then divide the coefficient off of the equation.). According to Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick, this equation can be transformed into: <cmath>(x+k)(y+j)=a+jk</cmath>
 +
Using the previous example, <math>xy+66x-88y=23333</math> is the same as: <cmath>(x-88)(y+66)=(23333)+(-88)(66)</cmath>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
If this is confusing or you would like to know the thought process behind SFFT, see this eight-minute video by Richard Rusczyk from AoPS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nN3H7w2LnI. For the thought process, start from https://youtu.be/0nN3H7w2LnI?t=366.
 +
 
 +
Here is another way to look at it.
 +
 
 +
Consider the equation <math>xy+5x+6y=30</math>.Let's start to factor the first group out: <math>x(y+5)+6y=30</math>.
 +
 
 +
How do we group the last term so we can factor by grouping? Notice that we can add <math>30</math> to both sides. This yields <math>x(y+5)+6(y+5)=60</math>. Now, we can factor as <math>(x+6)(y+5)=60</math>.
 +
 
 +
This is important because this keeps showing up in number theory problems. Let's look at this problem below:
 +
 
 +
Determine all possible ordered pairs of positive integers <math>(x,y)</math> that are solutions to the equation <math>\frac{4}{x}+\frac{5}{y}=1</math>. (2021 CEMC Galois #4b)
 +
 
 +
Let's remove the denominators: <math>4y+5x=xy</math>. Then <math>xy-5x-4y=0</math>. Take out the <math>x</math>: <math>x(y-5)-4(y-5)=0+20</math> (notice how I artificially grouped up the <math>y</math> terms by adding <math>4*5=20</math>).
 +
 
 +
Now, <math>(x-4)(y-5)=20</math> (you can just do SFFT directly, but I am guiding you through the thinking behind SFFT). Now we use factor pairs to solve this problem.
  
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==The General Statement==
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Look at all factor pairs of 20: <math>1*20, 2*10, 4*5, 5*4, 10*2, 20*1</math>. The first factor is for <math>x</math>, the second is for <math>y</math>. Solving for each of the equations, we have the solutions as <math>\boxed{(5, 25), (24, 6), (6, 15), (14, 7), (8, 10), (9, 9)}</math>.
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The general statement of SFFT is: <math>{xy}+{xk}+{yj}+{jk}=(x+j)(y+k)</math>. Two special common cases are: <math>xy + x + y + 1 = (x+1)(y+1)</math> and <math>xy - x - y +1 = (x-1)(y-1)</math>.
 
  
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The act of adding <math>{jk}</math> to <math>{xy}+{xk}+{yj}</math> in order to be able to factor it could be called "completing the rectangle" in analogy to the more familiar "completing the square."
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For more info on the solution: https://www.cemc.uwaterloo.ca/contests/past_contests/2021/2021GaloisSolution.pdf
  
 
== Applications ==
 
== Applications ==
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This factorization frequently shows up on contest problems, especially those heavy on algebraic manipulation. Usually <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> are variables and <math>j,k</math> are known constants. Also, it is typically necessary to add the <math>jk</math> term to both sides to perform the factorization.
+
This factorization frequently shows up on contest problems, especially those heavy on algebraic manipulation. Usually <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> are variables and <math>j,k</math> are known constants. Sometimes, you have to notice that the variables are not in the form <math>x</math> and <math>y.</math> Additionally, you almost always have to subtract or add the <math>x, y,</math> and <math>xy</math> terms to one side so you can isolate the constant and make the equation factorable. It can be used to solve more than algebra problems, sometimes going into other topics such as number theory.
  
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== Awesome Practice Problems ==
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== Fun Practice Problems ==
 
===Introductory===
 
===Introductory===
 
*Two different [[prime number]]s between <math>4</math> and <math>18</math> are chosen. When their sum is subtracted from their product, which of the following numbers could be obtained?
 
*Two different [[prime number]]s between <math>4</math> and <math>18</math> are chosen. When their sum is subtracted from their product, which of the following numbers could be obtained?
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===Intermediate===
 
===Intermediate===
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==Problem 1==
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*If <math>kn+54k+2n+108</math> has a remainder of <math>4</math> when divided by <math>5</math>, and <math>k</math> has a remainder of <math>1</math> when divided by <math>5</math>, find the value of the remainder of when <math>n</math> is divided by <math>5</math>.
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<math> \mathrm{(A) \ 1 } \qquad \mathrm{(B) \ 0 } \qquad \mathrm{(C) \ 4 } \qquad \mathrm{(D) \ 2 } \qquad \mathrm{(E) \ 3 }  </math>
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- icecreamrolls8
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==Solution==
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We have solution <math>\boxed{(C)}</math>. Note that <math>kn+54k+2n+108</math> can be factored into <cmath>(k+2)(n+54)</cmath> using Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick. Now, look at n. Then, since the problem tells us that <math>k</math> has a remainder of <math>1</math> when divided by 5, we see that the <math>(k+2)</math> factor in the <math>(k+2)(n+54)</math> expression has a remainder of <math>3</math> when divided by 5. Now, the <math>(n+54)</math> must have a remainder of <math>3</math> when divided by <math>5</math> as well (because then the main expression has a remainder of <math>4</math> when divided by <math>5</math>). Therefore, since 54 has a remainder of <math>4</math> when divided by <math>5</math>, <math>n</math> must have a remainder of <math>4</math>, so that the entire factor has a remainder of <math>3</math> when divided by <math>5</math>.
 +
 +
- icecreamrolls8
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==Problem 2==
 
*<math>m, n</math> are integers such that <math>m^2 + 3m^2n^2 = 30n^2 + 517</math>. Find <math>3m^2n^2</math>.
 
*<math>m, n</math> are integers such that <math>m^2 + 3m^2n^2 = 30n^2 + 517</math>. Find <math>3m^2n^2</math>.
  
 
([[1987 AIME Problems/Problem 5|Source]])
 
([[1987 AIME Problems/Problem 5|Source]])
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==Solution==
 +
<cmath>m^2 + 3m^2n^2 = 30n^2 + 517</cmath>
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<cmath>(m^2-10)(3n^2+1)=507</cmath>
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<cmath>507=13*39</cmath>
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<cmath>(3n^2+1)=13,(m^2-10)=39</cmath>
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<cmath>3m^2n^2=588</cmath>
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==Problem 3==
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([[2008 AMC 12B Problems/Problem 16|Source]]) A rectangular floor measures <math>a</math> by <math>b</math> feet, where <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are positive integers with <math>b > a</math>. An artist paints a rectangle on the floor with the sides of the rectangle parallel to the sides of the floor. The unpainted part of the floor forms a border of width <math>1</math> foot around the painted rectangle and occupies half of the area of the entire floor. How many possibilities are there for the ordered pair <math>(a,b)</math>?
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Solution: <math>A_{outer}=ab</math>
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<math>A_{inner}=(a-2)(b-2)</math>
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<math>A_{outer}=2A_{inner}</math>
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<math>ab=2(a-2)(b-2)=2ab-4a-4b+8</math>
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<math>0=ab-4a-4b+8</math>
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By Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick:
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<math>8=ab-4a-4b+16=(a-4)(b-4)</math>
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Since <math>8=1\times8</math> and <math>8=2\times4</math> are the only positive factorings of <math>8</math>.
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<math>(a,b)=(5,12)</math> or <math>(a,b)=(6,8)</math> yielding <math>\Rightarrow\textbf{(B)}</math> <math>2</math> solutions. Notice that because <math>b>a</math>, the reversed pairs are invalid.
  
 
===Olympiad===
 
===Olympiad===
  
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*The integer <math>N</math> is positive. There are exactly 2005 ordered pairs <math>(x, y)</math> of positive integers satisfying:
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*The integer <math>N</math> is positive. There are exactly <math>2005</math> ordered pairs <math>(x, y)</math> of positive integers satisfying:
  
 
<cmath>\frac 1x +\frac 1y = \frac 1N</cmath>
 
<cmath>\frac 1x +\frac 1y = \frac 1N</cmath>
  
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Prove that <math>N</math> is a perfect square. (British Mathematical Olympiad Round 2, 2005)
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Prove that <math>N</math> is a perfect square.  
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 +
Solution: https://socratic.org/questions/given-the-integer-n-0-there-are-exactly-2005-ordered-pairs-x-y-of-positive-integ
  
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Enjoy the problems!
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Source: British Mathematical Olympiad Round 2 #1 https://bmos.ukmt.org.uk/home/bmo2-2005.pdf
  
 
== See More==
 
== See More==
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* [[Factoring]]
 
* [[Factoring]]
  
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[[Category:Elementary algebra]]
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[[Category:Number theory]]
 
[[Category:Theorems]]
 
[[Category:Theorems]]

Revision as of 00:49, 27 July 2024

The General Statement

Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick (SFFT) (made by AoPS user Complex Zeta) is often used in a Diophantine equation where factoring is needed. The most common form it appears is when there is a constant on one side of the equation and a product of variables with each of those variables in a linear term on the other side. An example would be: \[xy+66x-88y=23333\]where $23333$ is the constant term, $xy$ is the product of the variables, $66x$ and $-88y$ are the variables in linear terms.


Let's put it in general terms. We have an equation $xy+jx+ky=a$, where $j$, $k$, and $a$ are integer constants, and the coefficient of xy must be 1(If it is not 1, then divide the coefficient off of the equation.). According to Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick, this equation can be transformed into: \[(x+k)(y+j)=a+jk\] Using the previous example, $xy+66x-88y=23333$ is the same as: \[(x-88)(y+66)=(23333)+(-88)(66)\]


If this is confusing or you would like to know the thought process behind SFFT, see this eight-minute video by Richard Rusczyk from AoPS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nN3H7w2LnI. For the thought process, start from https://youtu.be/0nN3H7w2LnI?t=366.

Here is another way to look at it.

Consider the equation $xy+5x+6y=30$.Let's start to factor the first group out: $x(y+5)+6y=30$.

How do we group the last term so we can factor by grouping? Notice that we can add $30$ to both sides. This yields $x(y+5)+6(y+5)=60$. Now, we can factor as $(x+6)(y+5)=60$.

This is important because this keeps showing up in number theory problems. Let's look at this problem below:

Determine all possible ordered pairs of positive integers $(x,y)$ that are solutions to the equation $\frac{4}{x}+\frac{5}{y}=1$. (2021 CEMC Galois #4b)

Let's remove the denominators: $4y+5x=xy$. Then $xy-5x-4y=0$. Take out the $x$: $x(y-5)-4(y-5)=0+20$ (notice how I artificially grouped up the $y$ terms by adding $4*5=20$).

Now, $(x-4)(y-5)=20$ (you can just do SFFT directly, but I am guiding you through the thinking behind SFFT). Now we use factor pairs to solve this problem.

Look at all factor pairs of 20: $1*20, 2*10, 4*5, 5*4, 10*2, 20*1$. The first factor is for $x$, the second is for $y$. Solving for each of the equations, we have the solutions as $\boxed{(5, 25), (24, 6), (6, 15), (14, 7), (8, 10), (9, 9)}$.

For more info on the solution: https://www.cemc.uwaterloo.ca/contests/past_contests/2021/2021GaloisSolution.pdf

Applications

This factorization frequently shows up on contest problems, especially those heavy on algebraic manipulation. Usually $x$ and $y$ are variables and $j,k$ are known constants. Sometimes, you have to notice that the variables are not in the form $x$ and $y.$ Additionally, you almost always have to subtract or add the $x, y,$ and $xy$ terms to one side so you can isolate the constant and make the equation factorable. It can be used to solve more than algebra problems, sometimes going into other topics such as number theory.

Fun Practice Problems

Introductory

  • Two different prime numbers between $4$ and $18$ are chosen. When their sum is subtracted from their product, which of the following numbers could be obtained?

$\mathrm{(A) \ 22 } \qquad \mathrm{(B) \ 60 } \qquad \mathrm{(C) \ 119 } \qquad \mathrm{(D) \ 180 } \qquad \mathrm{(E) \ 231 }$

(Source)

Intermediate

Problem 1

  • If $kn+54k+2n+108$ has a remainder of $4$ when divided by $5$, and $k$ has a remainder of $1$ when divided by $5$, find the value of the remainder of when $n$ is divided by $5$.

$\mathrm{(A) \ 1 } \qquad \mathrm{(B) \ 0 } \qquad \mathrm{(C) \ 4 } \qquad \mathrm{(D) \ 2 } \qquad \mathrm{(E) \ 3 }$

- icecreamrolls8

Solution

We have solution $\boxed{(C)}$. Note that $kn+54k+2n+108$ can be factored into \[(k+2)(n+54)\] using Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick. Now, look at n. Then, since the problem tells us that $k$ has a remainder of $1$ when divided by 5, we see that the $(k+2)$ factor in the $(k+2)(n+54)$ expression has a remainder of $3$ when divided by 5. Now, the $(n+54)$ must have a remainder of $3$ when divided by $5$ as well (because then the main expression has a remainder of $4$ when divided by $5$). Therefore, since 54 has a remainder of $4$ when divided by $5$, $n$ must have a remainder of $4$, so that the entire factor has a remainder of $3$ when divided by $5$.

- icecreamrolls8

Problem 2

  • $m, n$ are integers such that $m^2 + 3m^2n^2 = 30n^2 + 517$. Find $3m^2n^2$.

(Source)

Solution

\[m^2 + 3m^2n^2 = 30n^2 + 517\] \[(m^2-10)(3n^2+1)=507\] \[507=13*39\] \[(3n^2+1)=13,(m^2-10)=39\] \[3m^2n^2=588\]

Problem 3

(Source) A rectangular floor measures $a$ by $b$ feet, where $a$ and $b$ are positive integers with $b > a$. An artist paints a rectangle on the floor with the sides of the rectangle parallel to the sides of the floor. The unpainted part of the floor forms a border of width $1$ foot around the painted rectangle and occupies half of the area of the entire floor. How many possibilities are there for the ordered pair $(a,b)$?

Solution: $A_{outer}=ab$

$A_{inner}=(a-2)(b-2)$

$A_{outer}=2A_{inner}$

$ab=2(a-2)(b-2)=2ab-4a-4b+8$

$0=ab-4a-4b+8$

By Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick:

$8=ab-4a-4b+16=(a-4)(b-4)$

Since $8=1\times8$ and $8=2\times4$ are the only positive factorings of $8$.

$(a,b)=(5,12)$ or $(a,b)=(6,8)$ yielding $\Rightarrow\textbf{(B)}$ $2$ solutions. Notice that because $b>a$, the reversed pairs are invalid.

Olympiad

  • The integer $N$ is positive. There are exactly $2005$ ordered pairs $(x, y)$ of positive integers satisfying:

\[\frac 1x +\frac 1y = \frac 1N\]

Prove that $N$ is a perfect square.

Solution: https://socratic.org/questions/given-the-integer-n-0-there-are-exactly-2005-ordered-pairs-x-y-of-positive-integ

Source: British Mathematical Olympiad Round 2 #1 https://bmos.ukmt.org.uk/home/bmo2-2005.pdf

See More

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