Difference between revisions of "1960 IMO Problems/Problem 6"
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b) Find the smallest number <math>k</math> for which <math>V_1 = kV_2</math>; for this case, construct the angle subtended by a diamter of the base of the cone at the vertex of the cone. | b) Find the smallest number <math>k</math> for which <math>V_1 = kV_2</math>; for this case, construct the angle subtended by a diamter of the base of the cone at the vertex of the cone. | ||
− | ==Solution== | + | ==Solution 1== |
− | {{ | + | |
+ | Part (a): | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let <math>R</math> denote the radius of the cone, and let <math>r</math> denote the radius of the cylinder and sphere. Let <math>l</math> denote the slant height of the cone, and let <math>h</math> denote the height of the cone. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Consider a plane that contains the axis of the cone. This plane will slice the cone and sphere into a circle <math>\omega</math> inscribed in an isosceles triangle <math>T</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The area of <math>T</math> may be computed in two different ways: | ||
+ | <cmath>[T] = \frac{1}{2} \times r \times (2l + 2R) = r(l+R)</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>[T] = \frac{1}{2} \times 2R \times h = Rh</cmath> | ||
+ | From this, we deduce that <math>r = \frac{Rh}{l+R}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Now, we calculate our volumes: | ||
+ | <cmath>V_1 = \frac{1}{3}\pi R^2 h</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>V_2 = \pi r^2 \times 2r = 2\pi r^3 = \frac{2R^3 h^3}{(l+R)^3}</cmath> | ||
+ | Now, we will compute the quantity <math>\frac{3(l+R)^3}{\pi R^5 h} (V_1 - V_2)</math> and prove that it is always greater than <math>0</math>. | ||
+ | Let <math>x = \frac{h}{R}</math>. Clearly, <math>x</math> can be any positive real number. Define <math>W_1 = \frac{3(l+R)^3}{\pi R^5 h} V_1</math> and <math>W_2 = \frac{3(l+R)^3}{\pi R^5 h} V_2</math>. We will calculate <math>W_1</math> and <math>W_2</math> in terms of <math>x</math> and then compute the desired quantity <math>W_1 - W_2</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | It is easy to see that: | ||
+ | <cmath>W_1 = (\sqrt{x^2+1} + 1)^3</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>W_2 = 6x^2</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Now, let <math>u = \sqrt{x^2+1}</math>. Since <math>x > 0</math>, it follows that <math>u > 1</math>. We now have: | ||
+ | <cmath>W_1 = (u + 1)^3</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>W_2 = 6(u^2 - 1)</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Define <math>f(u) = W_1 - W_2</math>. It follows that: | ||
+ | <cmath>f(u) = (u+1)^3 - 6(u^2 - 1)</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>f(u) = u^3 - 3u^2 + 3u + 7</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>f(u) = (u-1)^3 + 8 > 8 > 0</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | We see that <math>f(u) > 8</math> for all allowed values of <math>u</math>. Thus, <math>V_1 - V_2 > \frac{8\pi R^5 h}{3(l+R)^3}</math>, meaning that <math>V_1 > V_2</math>. We have thus proved that <math>V_1 \ne V_2</math>, as desired. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Part (b): | ||
+ | |||
+ | From our earlier work in calculating the volumes <math>V_1</math> and <math>V_2</math>, we easily see that: | ||
+ | <cmath>\frac{V_1}{V_2} = \frac{(u+1)^3}{6(u^2 - 1)}</cmath> | ||
+ | Re-expressing and simplifying, we have: | ||
+ | <cmath>\frac{6V_1}{V_2} = \frac{(u+1)^2}{u-1} = (u-1) + 4 + \frac{4}{u-1}</cmath> | ||
+ | By the AM-GM Inequality, <math>(u-1) + \frac{4}{u-1} \ge 4</math>, meaning that <math>\frac{V_1}{V_2} \ge \frac{4}{3}</math>. | ||
+ | Equality holds if and only if <math>u-1 = \frac{4}{u-1}</math>, meaning that <math>u=3</math> and <math>x = 2\sqrt{2}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | If we check the case <math>x = \frac{h}{R} = 2\sqrt{2}</math>, we may calculate <math>V_1</math> and <math>V_2</math>: | ||
+ | <cmath>V_1 = \frac{1}{3} \pi R^2 h = \frac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}\pi R^3</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>V_2 = 2\pi r^3 = 2\pi \left(\frac{R\times 2\sqrt{2} R}{4R}\right)^3 = \frac{\pi}{\sqrt{2}} R^3</cmath> | ||
+ | Indeed, we have <math>\frac{V_1}{V_2} = \frac{4}{3}</math>, meaning that our minimum of <math>k = \frac{4}{3}</math> can be achieved. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Thus, we have proved that the minimum value of <math>k</math> such that <math>V_1 = kV_2</math> is <math>\frac{4}{3}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Now, let <math>\theta</math> be the angle subtended by a diameter of the base of the cone at the vertex of the cone. We have the following: | ||
+ | <cmath>\tan\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right) = \frac{1}{x} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}</cmath> | ||
+ | From the double-angle formula for tangent, | ||
+ | <cmath>\theta = \arctan\left(\frac{4\sqrt{2}}{7}\right)</cmath> | ||
+ | This angle is easy to construct. Simply take any segment and treat it as a unit segment. Create a right triangle with legs of lengths <math>4\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>7</math>. This is straightforward, and the angle opposite the leg of length <math>4\sqrt{2}</math> will be the desired angle <math>\theta</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | It follows that we have successfully constructed the desired angle <math>\theta</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Solution 2== | ||
+ | Part a): | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let <math>r</math> and <math>a</math> denote the radius of the sphere and the radius of the base of the cone, respectively. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Consider a plane that contains a cross section of the cone. We get a circle (the sphere) inscribed in both an isosceles triangle (the cone) and a rectangle (the cylinder). Let <math>A</math> and <math>A_1</math> be the vertices at the base of the triangle and let <math>H_1 H_2 = h</math> be the altitude through the third vertex <math>H_1</math>. Let <math>\theta</math> be the angle with arms <math>AO</math> and <math>AA_1</math>, where <math>O</math> is the center of the circle; <math>0 < \theta < \frac{\pi}{4}</math> . | ||
+ | |||
+ | We have <math>\tan \theta = \frac{r}{a}</math> ; <math>0 < \tan \theta < 1</math>. For the two volumes we have <math>V_2 = \pi r^2 \times 2r = 2\pi r^3</math> and <math>V_1 = \frac{\pi a^2 \times H_1 H_2}{3} = \frac{\pi a^3 \tan (\angle A_1 A H_1) }{3}</math> . | ||
+ | |||
+ | Knowing <math>\angle A_1 A H_1 = 2 \times \angle A_1 A O = 2 \theta</math>, and using the formula for a double-angle tangent, we can simplify the result: | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <math>V_1 = \frac{\pi a^3 \tan (\angle A_1 A H_1)}{3}</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <math>V_1 = \frac{2 \pi r^3 \tan \theta}{3 \tan^3 \theta (1 - \tan^2 \theta)}</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <math>V_1 = k V_2</math>, where <math>k = \frac{1}{3\tan^2 \theta (1 - \tan^2 \theta)}</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | We see that the biquadratic equation <math>3 \tan^4 \theta - 3 \tan^2 \theta + 1 = 0</math> has no real roots for <math>\tan \theta</math>, which means that <math>k \neq 1</math>. Therefore <math>V_1 \neq V_2</math> . | ||
+ | |||
+ | Part b): | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let <math>\tan^2 \theta = x; 0 < x < 1</math>. Consider the function <math>f(x) = 3x - 3x^2</math>. The coefficient in front of <math>x^2</math> is negative, which means the function has an upper bound, i.e. k has a lower bound (since it is the reciprocal of <math>f(x)</math>). Using the vertex formula for a quadratic function, we get <math>x = -\frac{b}{2a} = \frac{1}{2}</math> , which gives us <math>f(x) = y_{max} = \frac{3}{4}</math> . From there <math>k_{min} = \frac{4}{3}</math> . | ||
+ | |||
+ | For <math>\tan^2 \theta</math> we have <math>\tan^2 \theta = \frac{1}{2}; \tan \theta = +/- \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}</math> . We defined <math>\tan \theta</math> to be in the interval (0;1), so <math>\tan \theta = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}</math> . That gives us <math>\tan \angle A_1 A H_1 = \frac{4 \sqrt{2}}{7}</math> . To find <math>2\theta</math> we construct a right triangle with legs equal to <math>7</math> and <math>4\sqrt{2}</math> using a unit length reference. | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
− | {{ | + | {{IMO7 box|year=1960|num-b=5|num-a=7}} |
+ | [[Category:Olympiad Geometry Problems]] | ||
+ | [[Category:3D Geometry Problems]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Geometric Construction Problems]] |
Latest revision as of 18:49, 29 January 2018
Contents
Problem
Consider a cone of revolution with an inscribed sphere tangent to the base of the cone. A cylinder is circumscribed about this sphere so that one of its bases lies in the base of the cone. Let be the volume of the cone and
be the volume of the cylinder.
a) Prove that ;
b) Find the smallest number for which
; for this case, construct the angle subtended by a diamter of the base of the cone at the vertex of the cone.
Solution 1
Part (a):
Let denote the radius of the cone, and let
denote the radius of the cylinder and sphere. Let
denote the slant height of the cone, and let
denote the height of the cone.
Consider a plane that contains the axis of the cone. This plane will slice the cone and sphere into a circle inscribed in an isosceles triangle
.
The area of may be computed in two different ways:
From this, we deduce that
.
Now, we calculate our volumes:
Now, we will compute the quantity
and prove that it is always greater than
.
Let
. Clearly,
can be any positive real number. Define
and
. We will calculate
and
in terms of
and then compute the desired quantity
.
It is easy to see that:
Now, let . Since
, it follows that
. We now have:
Define . It follows that:
We see that for all allowed values of
. Thus,
, meaning that
. We have thus proved that
, as desired.
Part (b):
From our earlier work in calculating the volumes and
, we easily see that:
Re-expressing and simplifying, we have:
By the AM-GM Inequality,
, meaning that
.
Equality holds if and only if
, meaning that
and
.
If we check the case , we may calculate
and
:
Indeed, we have
, meaning that our minimum of
can be achieved.
Thus, we have proved that the minimum value of such that
is
.
Now, let be the angle subtended by a diameter of the base of the cone at the vertex of the cone. We have the following:
From the double-angle formula for tangent,
This angle is easy to construct. Simply take any segment and treat it as a unit segment. Create a right triangle with legs of lengths
and
. This is straightforward, and the angle opposite the leg of length
will be the desired angle
.
It follows that we have successfully constructed the desired angle .
Solution 2
Part a):
Let and
denote the radius of the sphere and the radius of the base of the cone, respectively.
Consider a plane that contains a cross section of the cone. We get a circle (the sphere) inscribed in both an isosceles triangle (the cone) and a rectangle (the cylinder). Let and
be the vertices at the base of the triangle and let
be the altitude through the third vertex
. Let
be the angle with arms
and
, where
is the center of the circle;
.
We have ;
. For the two volumes we have
and
.
Knowing , and using the formula for a double-angle tangent, we can simplify the result:
, where
We see that the biquadratic equation has no real roots for
, which means that
. Therefore
.
Part b):
Let . Consider the function
. The coefficient in front of
is negative, which means the function has an upper bound, i.e. k has a lower bound (since it is the reciprocal of
). Using the vertex formula for a quadratic function, we get
, which gives us
. From there
.
For we have
. We defined
to be in the interval (0;1), so
. That gives us
. To find
we construct a right triangle with legs equal to
and
using a unit length reference.
See Also
1960 IMO (Problems) | ||
Preceded by Problem 5 |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 | Followed by Problem 7 |