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Difference between revisions of "2001 IMO Problems/Problem 2"

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== Solution ==
 
== Solution ==
−
=== Solution using Holder's ===
+
Firstly, <math>a^{2}+8bc=(a^{2}+2bc)+6bc \leq^{AG} (a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2})+6bc=S+6bc</math> (where <math>S=a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}</math>) and its cyclic variations.
−
By Holder's inequality,
+
Next note that <math>(a,b,c)</math> and <math>\left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{S+6bc}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{S+6ca}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{S+6ab}} \right)</math> are similarly oriented sequences. Thus
−
<math>\left(\sum\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^{2}+8bc}}\right)\left(\sum\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^{2}+8bc}}\right)\left(\sum a(a^{2}+8bc)\right)\ge (a+b+c)^{3}</math>
+
<cmath>\sum_{cyc} \frac{a}{\sqrt{a^{2}+8bc}} \ge \sum_{cyc} \frac{a}{\sqrt{S+6bc}}</cmath>
 +
<cmath>\geq ^{Cheff} \frac{1}{3}(a+b+c)\left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{S+6bc}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{S+6ca}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{S+6ab}} \right)</cmath>
 +
<cmath>\geq^{AH}\frac{1}{3}(a+b+c) \left( \frac{9}{\sqrt{S+6bc}+\sqrt{S+6ca}+\sqrt{S+6ab}} \right)</cmath>
 +
<cmath>\geq^{QA} (a+b+c) \sqrt{\frac{3}{(S+6bc)+(S+6ca)+(S+6ab)}}</cmath>
 +
<cmath>=(a+b+c)\sqrt{\frac{3}{3(a+b+c)^{2}}}=1</cmath>
 +
Hence the inequality has been established.
 +
Equality holds if <math>a=b=c</math>.
 +
 
 +
Notation: <math>AG</math>: AM-GM inequality, <math>AH</math>: AM-HM inequality, <math>Cheff</math>: Chebyshev's inequality, <math>QA</math>: QM-AM inequality / RMS inequality
 +
 
 +
 
 +
=== Alternate Solution using Hölder's ===
 +
By Hölder's inequality,
 +
<math>\left(\sum_{cyc}\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^{2}+8bc}}\right)\left(\sum_{cyc}\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^{2}+8bc}}\right)\left(\sum_{cyc} a(a^{2}+8bc)\right)\ge (a+b+c)^{3}</math>
 
Thus we need only show that
 
Thus we need only show that
 
<math>(a+b+c)^{3}\ge a^{3}+b^{3}+c^{3}+24abc</math>
 
<math>(a+b+c)^{3}\ge a^{3}+b^{3}+c^{3}+24abc</math>
 
Which is obviously true since <math>(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)\ge 8abc</math>.
 
Which is obviously true since <math>(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)\ge 8abc</math>.
 +
=== The Hölder's video solution ===
 +
https://youtu.be/jmXSmmfO7pQ?si=dxJ6At7KHlcn2NT5 [Video Solution by little fermat]
  
 
=== Alternate Solution using Jensen's ===
 
=== Alternate Solution using Jensen's ===
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but
 
but
 
<cmath>1=(a+b+c)^3=a^3+b^3+c^3+6abc+3(a^2b+a^2c+b^2a+b^2c+c^2a+c^2b) \geq a^3+b^3+c^3+24abc</cmath> by AM-GM, and thus the inequality is proven.
 
<cmath>1=(a+b+c)^3=a^3+b^3+c^3+6abc+3(a^2b+a^2c+b^2a+b^2c+c^2a+c^2b) \geq a^3+b^3+c^3+24abc</cmath> by AM-GM, and thus the inequality is proven.
 +
 +
=== Alternate Solution 2 using Jensen's ===
 +
We can rewrite
 +
<cmath>\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+8bc}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+8ac}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+8ab}}</cmath>
 +
as
 +
<cmath>\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+\frac{8abc}{a}}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+\frac{8abc}{b}}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+\frac{8abc}{c}}}</cmath>
 +
which is the same as
 +
<cmath>\frac{\sqrt{a^3}}{\sqrt{a^3+8abc}}+\frac{\sqrt{b^3}}{\sqrt{b^3+8abc}}+\frac{\sqrt{c^3}}{\sqrt{c^3+8abc}}</cmath>
 +
Now let <math>f(x)=\sqrt{\frac{x^3}{x^3 + 8abc}}</math>. Then f is convex and f is strictly increasing, so by [[Jensen's inequality]] and [[AM-GM]],
 +
<cmath>f(a) + f(b) + f(c) \geq 3f((\frac{1}{3})a + (\frac{1}{3})b + (\frac{1}{3})c)) \geq 3f(\sqrt[3]{abc}) = 3(\frac{1}{3}) =1</cmath>
 +
 +
=== Alternate Solution 3 using Jensen's ===
 +
Let <math>f : (0, \infty); f(x) = \frac{1}{x}</math>, <math>x_1 = \sqrt{a^{2} + 8bc}</math>, <math>x_2 = \sqrt{b^{2} + 8ac}</math> and <math>x_3 = \sqrt{c^{2} + 8ab}</math> 
 +
f is convex so we can write:
 +
<cmath>f(\frac{a}{x_1} + \frac{b}{x_2} + \frac{c}{x_3})\le af(x_1) + bf(x_2) + cf(x_3)</cmath> 
 +
let <math>\frac{a}{x_1} + \frac{b}{x_2} + \frac{c}{x_3} = t</math>, by substitustion: 
 +
<cmath>f(t)\le t</cmath> 
 +
<cmath>\frac{1}{t}\le t</cmath> we multiply both sides by t 
 +
<cmath>1\le t^{2}</cmath> 
 +
<cmath>1\le t</cmath> QED
  
 
=== Alternate Solution using Isolated Fudging ===
 
=== Alternate Solution using Isolated Fudging ===
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<cmath>\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+8bc}} \geq \frac{a^{\frac{4}{3}}}{a^{\frac{4}{3}}+b^{\frac{4}{3}}+c^{\frac{4}{3}}}</cmath>
 
<cmath>\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+8bc}} \geq \frac{a^{\frac{4}{3}}}{a^{\frac{4}{3}}+b^{\frac{4}{3}}+c^{\frac{4}{3}}}</cmath>
 
Cross-multiplying, squaring both sides and expanding, we have
 
Cross-multiplying, squaring both sides and expanding, we have
−
<cmath>a^{\frac{14}{3}}+a^{2}b^{\frac{8}{3}}+a^{2}c^{\frac{8}{3}}+2a^{\frac{11}{3}}b^{\frac{4}{3}}+2a^{\frac{11}{3}}c^{\frac{4}{3}}+2a^{2}b^{\frac{4}{3}}c^{\frac{4}{3}} \geq a^{\frac{14}{3}}+8a^{\frac{8}{3}}bc</cmath>
+
<cmath>a^{\frac{14}{3}}+a^{2}b^{\frac{8}{3}}+a^{2}c^{\frac{8}{3}}+2a^{\frac{10}{3}}b^{\frac{4}{3}}+2a^{\frac{10}{3}}c^{\frac{4}{3}}+2a^{2}b^{\frac{4}{3}}c^{\frac{4}{3}} \geq a^{\frac{14}{3}}+8a^{\frac{8}{3}}bc</cmath>
 
After cancelling the <math> a^{\frac{14}{3}}</math> term, we apply AM-GM to RHS and obtain
 
After cancelling the <math> a^{\frac{14}{3}}</math> term, we apply AM-GM to RHS and obtain
−
<cmath>a^{2}b^{\frac{8}{3}}+a^{2}c^{\frac{8}{3}}+2a^{\frac{11}{3}}b^{\frac{4}{3}}+2a^{\frac{11}{3}}c^{\frac{4}{3}}+2a^{2}b^{\frac{4}{3}}c^{\frac{4}{3}} \geq 8(a^{\frac{64}{3}}b^8c^8)^{\frac{1}{8}}=8a^{\frac{8}{3}}bc</cmath>
+
<cmath>a^{2}b^{\frac{8}{3}}+a^{2}c^{\frac{8}{3}}+2a^{\frac{10}{3}}b^{\frac{4}{3}}+2a^{\frac{10}{3}}c^{\frac{4}{3}}+2a^{2}b^{\frac{4}{3}}c^{\frac{4}{3}} \geq 8(a^{\frac{64}{3}}b^8c^8)^{\frac{1}{8}}=8a^{\frac{8}{3}}bc</cmath>
 
as desired, completing the proof of the claim.
 
as desired, completing the proof of the claim.
  
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But that is true by AM-GM or Muirhead. Thus, proved. <math>\Box</math>
 
But that is true by AM-GM or Muirhead. Thus, proved. <math>\Box</math>
 +
 +
=== Alternate Solution using Carlson ===
 +
 +
By Carlson's Inequality, we can know that <cmath>\Bigg(\frac {a}{\sqrt {a^2 + 8bc}} + \frac {b}{\sqrt {b^2 + 8ca}} + \frac {c}{\sqrt {c^2 + 8ab}}\Bigg)\Bigg(\frac {a}{\sqrt {a^2 + 8bc}} + \frac {b}{\sqrt {b^2 + 8ca}} + \frac {c}{\sqrt {c^2 + 8ab}}\Bigg)\Big((a^3+8abc)+(b^3+8abc)+(c^3+8abc)\Big) \ge (a+b+c)^3</cmath>
 +
 +
Then, <cmath>\Bigg(\frac {a}{\sqrt {a^2 + 8bc}} + \frac {b}{\sqrt {b^2 + 8ca}} + \frac {c}{\sqrt {c^2 + 8ab}}\Bigg)^2 \ge \frac{(a+b+c)^3}{a^3+b^3+c^3+24abc}</cmath>
 +
 +
On the other hand, <cmath>3a^2b+3b^2c+3c^2a \ge 9abc</cmath> and <cmath>3ab^2+3bc^2+3ca^2 \ge 9abc</cmath>
 +
 +
Then, <cmath>(a+b+c)^3 = a^3+b^3+c^3+3(a^2b+ab^2+a^2c+ac^2+b^2c+bc^2)+6abc \ge a^3+b^3+c^3+24abc</cmath>
 +
 +
Therefore, <cmath>\Bigg(\frac {a}{\sqrt {a^2 + 8bc}} + \frac {b}{\sqrt {b^2 + 8ca}} + \frac {c}{\sqrt {c^2 + 8ab}}\Bigg)^2 \ge \frac{(a+b+c)^3}{a^3+b^3+c^3+24abc} \ge 1</cmath>
 +
 +
Thus, <cmath>\frac {a}{\sqrt {a^2 + 8bc}} + \frac {b}{\sqrt {b^2 + 8ca}} + \frac {c}{\sqrt {c^2 + 8ab}} \ge 1</cmath>
 +
 +
-- Haozhe Yang
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 05:11, 22 October 2024

Problem

Let $a,b,c$ be positive real numbers. Prove that $\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^{2}+8bc}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{b^{2}+8ca}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{c^{2}+8ab}}\ge 1$.

Solution

Firstly, $a^{2}+8bc=(a^{2}+2bc)+6bc \leq^{AG} (a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2})+6bc=S+6bc$ (where $S=a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}$) and its cyclic variations. Next note that $(a,b,c)$ and $\left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{S+6bc}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{S+6ca}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{S+6ab}} \right)$ are similarly oriented sequences. Thus \[\sum_{cyc} \frac{a}{\sqrt{a^{2}+8bc}} \ge \sum_{cyc} \frac{a}{\sqrt{S+6bc}}\] \[\geq ^{Cheff} \frac{1}{3}(a+b+c)\left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{S+6bc}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{S+6ca}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{S+6ab}} \right)\] \[\geq^{AH}\frac{1}{3}(a+b+c) \left( \frac{9}{\sqrt{S+6bc}+\sqrt{S+6ca}+\sqrt{S+6ab}} \right)\] \[\geq^{QA} (a+b+c) \sqrt{\frac{3}{(S+6bc)+(S+6ca)+(S+6ab)}}\] \[=(a+b+c)\sqrt{\frac{3}{3(a+b+c)^{2}}}=1\] Hence the inequality has been established. Equality holds if $a=b=c$.

Notation: $AG$: AM-GM inequality, $AH$: AM-HM inequality, $Cheff$: Chebyshev's inequality, $QA$: QM-AM inequality / RMS inequality


Alternate Solution using Hölder's

By Hölder's inequality, $\left(\sum_{cyc}\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^{2}+8bc}}\right)\left(\sum_{cyc}\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^{2}+8bc}}\right)\left(\sum_{cyc} a(a^{2}+8bc)\right)\ge (a+b+c)^{3}$ Thus we need only show that $(a+b+c)^{3}\ge a^{3}+b^{3}+c^{3}+24abc$ Which is obviously true since $(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)\ge 8abc$.

The Hölder's video solution

https://youtu.be/jmXSmmfO7pQ?si=dxJ6At7KHlcn2NT5 [Video Solution by little fermat]

Alternate Solution using Jensen's

This inequality is homogeneous so we can assume without loss of generality $a+b+c=1$ and apply Jensen's inequality for $f(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}$, so we get: \[\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+8bc}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+8ac}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+8ab}} \geq \frac{1}{\sqrt{a^3+b^3+c^3+24abc}}\] but \[1=(a+b+c)^3=a^3+b^3+c^3+6abc+3(a^2b+a^2c+b^2a+b^2c+c^2a+c^2b) \geq a^3+b^3+c^3+24abc\] by AM-GM, and thus the inequality is proven.

Alternate Solution 2 using Jensen's

We can rewrite \[\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+8bc}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+8ac}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+8ab}}\] as \[\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+\frac{8abc}{a}}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+\frac{8abc}{b}}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+\frac{8abc}{c}}}\] which is the same as \[\frac{\sqrt{a^3}}{\sqrt{a^3+8abc}}+\frac{\sqrt{b^3}}{\sqrt{b^3+8abc}}+\frac{\sqrt{c^3}}{\sqrt{c^3+8abc}}\] Now let $f(x)=\sqrt{\frac{x^3}{x^3 + 8abc}}$. Then f is convex and f is strictly increasing, so by Jensen's inequality and AM-GM, \[f(a) + f(b) + f(c) \geq 3f((\frac{1}{3})a + (\frac{1}{3})b + (\frac{1}{3})c)) \geq 3f(\sqrt[3]{abc}) = 3(\frac{1}{3}) =1\]

Alternate Solution 3 using Jensen's

Let $f : (0, \infty); f(x) = \frac{1}{x}$, $x_1 = \sqrt{a^{2} + 8bc}$, $x_2 = \sqrt{b^{2} + 8ac}$ and $x_3 = \sqrt{c^{2} + 8ab}$ f is convex so we can write: \[f(\frac{a}{x_1} + \frac{b}{x_2} + \frac{c}{x_3})\le af(x_1) + bf(x_2) + cf(x_3)\] let $\frac{a}{x_1} + \frac{b}{x_2} + \frac{c}{x_3} = t$, by substitustion: \[f(t)\le t\] \[\frac{1}{t}\le t\] we multiply both sides by t \[1\le t^{2}\] \[1\le t\] QED

Alternate Solution using Isolated Fudging

We claim that \[\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+8bc}} \geq \frac{a^{\frac{4}{3}}}{a^{\frac{4}{3}}+b^{\frac{4}{3}}+c^{\frac{4}{3}}}\] Cross-multiplying, squaring both sides and expanding, we have \[a^{\frac{14}{3}}+a^{2}b^{\frac{8}{3}}+a^{2}c^{\frac{8}{3}}+2a^{\frac{10}{3}}b^{\frac{4}{3}}+2a^{\frac{10}{3}}c^{\frac{4}{3}}+2a^{2}b^{\frac{4}{3}}c^{\frac{4}{3}} \geq a^{\frac{14}{3}}+8a^{\frac{8}{3}}bc\] After cancelling the $a^{\frac{14}{3}}$ term, we apply AM-GM to RHS and obtain \[a^{2}b^{\frac{8}{3}}+a^{2}c^{\frac{8}{3}}+2a^{\frac{10}{3}}b^{\frac{4}{3}}+2a^{\frac{10}{3}}c^{\frac{4}{3}}+2a^{2}b^{\frac{4}{3}}c^{\frac{4}{3}} \geq 8(a^{\frac{64}{3}}b^8c^8)^{\frac{1}{8}}=8a^{\frac{8}{3}}bc\] as desired, completing the proof of the claim.

Similarly $\frac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+8ca}} \geq \frac{b^{\frac{4}{3}}}{a^{\frac{4}{3}}+b^{\frac{4}{3}}+c^{\frac{4}{3}}}$ and $\frac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+8ab}} \geq \frac{c^{\frac{4}{3}}}{a^{\frac{4}{3}}+b^{\frac{4}{3}}+c^{\frac{4}{3}}}$. Summing the three inequalities, we obtain the original inequality.

Alternate Solution using Cauchy

We want to prove \[\sum_{cyc}\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+8bc}}\ge 1\]

Note that since this inequality is homogenous, assume $a+b+c=3$.

By Cauchy, \[\left(\sum_{cyc}\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+8bc}}\right)\left(\sum_{cyc}a\sqrt{a^2+8bc}\right)\ge (a+b+c)^2=9\]

Dividing both sides by $\sum_{cyc}a\sqrt{a^2+8bc}$, we see that we want to prove \[\dfrac{9}{\sum\limits_{cyc}a\sqrt{a^2+8bc}}\ge 1\] or equivalently \[\sum\limits_{cyc}a\sqrt{a^2+8bc}\le 9\]

Squaring both sides, we have \[\left(\sum_{cyc}a\sqrt{a^2+8bc}\right)^2\le 81\]

Now use Cauchy again to obtain \[\left(\sum_{cyc}a\sqrt{a^2+8bc}\right)^2\le (a+b+c)\left(\sum_{cyc}a(a^2+8bc)\right)\le 81\]

Since $a+b+c=3$, the inequality becomes \[\sum_{cyc}a^3+8abc\le 27\] after some simplifying.

But this equals \[(a+b+c)^3-3\left(\sum_{sym}a^2b\right)+18abc\le 27\] and since $a+b+c=3$ we just want to prove \[\left(\sum_{sym}a^2b\right)\ge 6abc\] after some simplifying.

But that is true by AM-GM or Muirhead. Thus, proved. $\Box$

Alternate Solution using Carlson

By Carlson's Inequality, we can know that \[\Bigg(\frac {a}{\sqrt {a^2 + 8bc}} + \frac {b}{\sqrt {b^2 + 8ca}} + \frac {c}{\sqrt {c^2 + 8ab}}\Bigg)\Bigg(\frac {a}{\sqrt {a^2 + 8bc}} + \frac {b}{\sqrt {b^2 + 8ca}} + \frac {c}{\sqrt {c^2 + 8ab}}\Bigg)\Big((a^3+8abc)+(b^3+8abc)+(c^3+8abc)\Big) \ge (a+b+c)^3\]

Then, \[\Bigg(\frac {a}{\sqrt {a^2 + 8bc}} + \frac {b}{\sqrt {b^2 + 8ca}} + \frac {c}{\sqrt {c^2 + 8ab}}\Bigg)^2 \ge \frac{(a+b+c)^3}{a^3+b^3+c^3+24abc}\]

On the other hand, \[3a^2b+3b^2c+3c^2a \ge 9abc\] and \[3ab^2+3bc^2+3ca^2 \ge 9abc\]

Then, \[(a+b+c)^3 = a^3+b^3+c^3+3(a^2b+ab^2+a^2c+ac^2+b^2c+bc^2)+6abc \ge a^3+b^3+c^3+24abc\]

Therefore, \[\Bigg(\frac {a}{\sqrt {a^2 + 8bc}} + \frac {b}{\sqrt {b^2 + 8ca}} + \frac {c}{\sqrt {c^2 + 8ab}}\Bigg)^2 \ge \frac{(a+b+c)^3}{a^3+b^3+c^3+24abc} \ge 1\]

Thus, \[\frac {a}{\sqrt {a^2 + 8bc}} + \frac {b}{\sqrt {b^2 + 8ca}} + \frac {c}{\sqrt {c^2 + 8ab}} \ge 1\]

-- Haozhe Yang

See also

2001 IMO (Problems) • Resources
Preceded by
Problem 1 		1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 Followed by
Problem 3
All IMO Problems and Solutions
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