Difference between revisions of "LaTeX:Symbols"
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{{Latex}} | {{Latex}} | ||
− | This article | + | This article provides a short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols. |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
== Finding Other Symbols == | == Finding Other Symbols == | ||
Line 14: | Line 8: | ||
<ul> | <ul> | ||
<li> | <li> | ||
− | [http://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html Detexify] is an | + | [http://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html Detexify] is an online application which allows you to draw the symbol you'd like and shows you the <math>\text{\LaTeX}</math> code for it! |
<br/><br/></li> | <br/><br/></li> | ||
<li> | <li> | ||
− | MathJax (what allows us to use <math>\LaTeX</math> on the web) maintains a [http://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/tex.html#supported-latex-commands list of supported commands]. | + | MathJax (what allows us to use <math>\text{\LaTeX}</math> on the web, (technically an AJAX library simulating it.)) maintains a [http://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/tex.html#supported-latex-commands list of supported commands]. |
<br/><br/></li> | <br/><br/></li> | ||
<li> | <li> | ||
[http://mirrors.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List]. | [http://mirrors.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List]. | ||
+ | <br/><br/></li> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <li> | ||
+ | [https://mathvault.ca/wp-content/uploads/Comprehensive-List-of-Mathematical-Symbols.pdf Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols]. | ||
<br/><br/></li> | <br/><br/></li> | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
Line 48: | Line 46: | ||
|<math>\bullet</math>||\bullet||<math>\diamond</math>||\diamond||<math>\lhd</math>||\lhd | |<math>\bullet</math>||\bullet||<math>\diamond</math>||\diamond||<math>\lhd</math>||\lhd | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |<math>\rhd</math>||\rhd||<math>\unlhd</math>||\unlhd|| | + | |<math>\rhd</math>||\rhd||<math>\unlhd</math>||\unlhd||<math>\unrhd</math>||\unrhd |
|- | |- | ||
|<math>\oslash</math>||\oslash||<math>\odot</math>||\odot||<math>\bigcirc</math>||\bigcirc | |<math>\oslash</math>||\oslash||<math>\odot</math>||\odot||<math>\bigcirc</math>||\bigcirc | ||
Line 60: | Line 58: | ||
|<math>x^{\circ}</math>||x^{\circ}||<math>\triangledown</math>||\triangledown||<math>\sqrt[n]{x}</math>||\sqrt[n]{x} | |<math>x^{\circ}</math>||x^{\circ}||<math>\triangledown</math>||\triangledown||<math>\sqrt[n]{x}</math>||\sqrt[n]{x} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |<math>a^x</math>||a^x||<math>a^{xyz}</math>||a^{xyz} | + | |<math>a^x</math>||a^x||<math>a^{xyz}</math>||a^{xyz}||<math>a_x</math>||a_x |
|} | |} | ||
Line 89: | Line 87: | ||
| <math>\preceq</math>||\preceq||<math>\succeq</math>||\succeq||<math>\models</math>||\models | | <math>\preceq</math>||\preceq||<math>\succeq</math>||\succeq||<math>\models</math>||\models | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | <math>\perp</math>||\perp||<math>\parallel</math>||\parallel|| | + | | <math>\perp</math>||\perp||<math>\parallel</math>||\parallel|| |
|- | |- | ||
− | | <math>\mid</math>||\mid||<math>\bumpeq</math>||\bumpeq|| | + | | <math>\mid</math>||\mid||<math>\bumpeq</math>||\bumpeq|| |
|} | |} | ||
− | Negations of many of these relations can be formed by just putting \not before the symbol, or by slipping an n between the \ and the word. Here are a | + | Negations of many of these relations can be formed by just putting \not before the symbol, or by slipping an "n" between the \ and the word. Here are a couple examples, plus many other negations; it works for many of the many others as well. |
− | {| class="latextable" | + | |
+ | {| class="latextable"} | ||
!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command | !Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 101: | Line 100: | ||
| <math>\nsim</math>||\nsim||<math>\ncong</math>||\ncong||<math>\nparallel</math>||\nparallel | | <math>\nsim</math>||\nsim||<math>\ncong</math>||\ncong||<math>\nparallel</math>||\nparallel | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | <math>\not<</math>||\not<||<math>\not></math>||\not>||<math>\not=</math>||\not= | + | | <math>\not<</math>||\not<||<math>\not></math>||\not>||<math>\not=</math>||\not= or \neq or \ne |
|- | |- | ||
| <math>\not\le</math>||\not\le||<math>\not\ge</math>||\not\ge||<math>\not\sim</math>||\not\sim | | <math>\not\le</math>||\not\le||<math>\not\ge</math>||\not\ge||<math>\not\sim</math>||\not\sim | ||
Line 114: | Line 113: | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | To use other relations not listed here, such as =, >, and <, in LaTeX, you | + | To use other relations not listed here, such as <math>=</math>, <math>></math>, and <math><</math>, in <math>\LaTeX</math>, you must use the symbols on your keyboard, as they are not available in <math>\LaTeX</math>. |
==Greek Letters== | ==Greek Letters== | ||
Line 150: | Line 149: | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | == Arrows == | ||
− | |||
− | |||
{| class="latextable" | {| class="latextable" | ||
!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command | !Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command | ||
Line 189: | Line 187: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|<math>\swarrow</math>||\swarrow||<math>\nwarrow</math>||\nwarrow | |<math>\swarrow</math>||\swarrow||<math>\nwarrow</math>||\nwarrow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\overrightarrow{AB}</math>||\overrightarrow{AB}||<math>\overleftarrow{AB}</math>||\overleftarrow{AB} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\overleftrightarrow{AB}</math>||\overleftrightarrow{AB}|| || | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | (For those of you who hate typing long strings of letters, \iff and \implies can be used in place of \Longleftrightarrow and \Longrightarrow respectively.) | + | (For those of you who hate typing long strings of letters, \iff and \implies can be used in place of \Longleftrightarrow and \Longrightarrow, respectively.) |
==Dots== | ==Dots== | ||
{| class="latextable" | {| class="latextable" | ||
− | !Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!! | + | !Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!! |
− | |- | + | |- |
− | |<math>\dots</math>||\dots|| |<math>\ | + | |<math>\cdot</math>||\cdot|| |<math>\vdots</math>||\vdots|| |
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\dots</math>||\dots|| |<math>\ddots</math>||\ddots|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |<math>\cdots</math>||\cdots|| | + | |<math>\cdots</math>||\cdots|| |<math>\iddots</math>||\iddots|| |
− | + | ||
− | + | |} | |
− | |||
− | |<math>\iddots</math>||\iddots|| | ||
− | |||
− | |||
==Accents== | ==Accents== | ||
Line 224: | Line 224: | ||
|<math>\vec{\jmath}</math>||\vec{\jmath}||<math>\tilde{\imath}</math>||\tilde{\imath} | |<math>\vec{\jmath}</math>||\vec{\jmath}||<math>\tilde{\imath}</math>||\tilde{\imath} | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | \tilde | + | \tilde and \hat have wide versions that allow you to accent an expression: |
{| class="latextable" | {| class="latextable" | ||
!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command | !Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |<math>\widehat{ | + | |<math>\widehat{7+x}</math>||\widehat{7+x}||<math>\widetilde{abc}</math>||\widetilde{abc} |
|} | |} | ||
Line 257: | Line 257: | ||
|<math>\clubsuit</math>||\clubsuit||<math>\diamondsuit</math>||\diamondsuit||<math>\heartsuit</math>||\heartsuit | |<math>\clubsuit</math>||\clubsuit||<math>\diamondsuit</math>||\diamondsuit||<math>\heartsuit</math>||\heartsuit | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |<math>\spadesuit</math>||\spadesuit||<math>\Join</math>||\Join||<math>\blacksquare</math>||\blacksquare |
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\diamondsuit</math>||\diamondsuit||<math>\copyright</math>||\copyright ||<math>\underarc{XYZ}</math>||\underarc{XYZ} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<math>\heartsuit</math>||\heartsuit||<math>\overarc{ABC}</math>||\overarc{ABC} ||<math>\cup</math>||\cup | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |<math>\S</math>||\S||<math>\P</math>||\P||<math>\ | + | |<math>\S</math>||\S||<math>\P</math>||\P||<math>\Vdash</math>||\Vdash |
|- | |- | ||
− | |<math>\pounds</math>||\pounds||<math>\ | + | |<math>\pounds</math>||\pounds||<math>\in</math>||\in||<math>\vDash</math>||\vDash |
|- | |- | ||
− | |<math>\bigstar</math>||\bigstar|| | + | |<math>\bigstar</math>||\bigstar||<math>\implies</math>||\implies||<math>\LaTeX</math>||\LaTeX |
|- | |- | ||
− | |<math>\square</math>||\square|| | + | |<math>\square</math>||\square||<math>\text{\LaTeX}</math>||\text{\LaTeX}|| |
|- | |- | ||
|<math>\smiley</math>||\smiley|| | |<math>\smiley</math>||\smiley|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |<math>\mathbb{R}</math>||\mathbb{R}(all real numbers)|| | + | |<math>\mathbb{R}</math>||\mathbb{R} (represents all real numbers)|| |
|- | |- | ||
|<math>\checkmark</math>||\checkmark|| | |<math>\checkmark</math>||\checkmark|| | ||
− | | | + | |- |
+ | |<math>\cancer</math>||\cancer|| | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | Note: <math>\cancer</math> and <math>\overarc{ABC}</math> do not work in the classroom. | ||
==Command Symbols== | ==Command Symbols== | ||
− | Some symbols are used in commands so they need to be treated in a special way. | + | Some symbols are used in commands, so they need to be treated in a special way. |
{| class="latextable" | {| class="latextable" | ||
!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command | !Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command!!Symbol!!Command | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |<math>\textdollar</math>||\textdollar||<math>\&</math>||\&||<math>\%</math>||\%||<math>\#</math>||\# | + | |<math>\textdollar</math>||\textdollar or \$||<math>\&</math>||\&||<math>\%</math>||\%||<math>\#</math>||\# |
|- | |- | ||
|<math>\_</math>||\_||<math>\{</math>||\{||<math>\}</math>||\}||<math>\backslash</math>||\backslash | |<math>\_</math>||\_||<math>\{</math>||\{||<math>\}</math>||\}||<math>\backslash</math>||\backslash | ||
Line 301: | Line 307: | ||
==Bracketing Symbols== | ==Bracketing Symbols== | ||
− | In mathematics, sometimes we need to enclose expressions in brackets | + | In mathematics, sometimes we need to enclose expressions in brackets, braces or parentheses. Some of these work just as you'd imagine in LaTeX; type ( and ) for parentheses, [ and ] for brackets, and | and | for absolute value. However, other symbols have special commands: |
{| class="latextable" | {| class="latextable" | ||
!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command | !Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command!!Symbol !! Command | ||
Line 328: | Line 334: | ||
:<math>\left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2</math> | :<math>\left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | For systems of equations or piecewise functions, use the cases environment: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <tt>f(x) = \</tt><tt>begin{cases} x^2 &\text{if } x \ge 0 \ x &\text{if } x < 0 \</tt><tt>end{cases}</tt> | ||
+ | |||
+ | which gives | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>f(x) = | ||
+ | |||
+ | In addition to the <tt>\left</tt> and <tt>\right</tt> commands, when doing floor or ceiling functions with fractions, using | ||
+ | |||
+ | <tt>\left\lceil\frac{x}{y}\right\rceil</tt> | ||
+ | |||
+ | and <tt>\left\lfloor\frac{x}{y}\right\rfloor </tt> | ||
+ | |||
+ | gives both <math>\left\lceil\frac{x}{y}\right\rceil</math> and <math>\left\lfloor\frac{x}{y}\right\rfloor</math>, respectively. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | And, if you type this | ||
+ | |||
+ | <tt>\underbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}_{x}</tt> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Gives | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>\underbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}_{x}</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Or | ||
+ | |||
+ | <tt>\overbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}^{x}</tt> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Gives | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>\overbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}^{x}</math> | ||
+ | |||
\left and \right can also be used to resize the following symbols: | \left and \right can also be used to resize the following symbols: | ||
Line 339: | Line 379: | ||
==Multi-Size Symbols== | ==Multi-Size Symbols== | ||
− | Some symbols render differently in inline math mode and in display mode. Display mode occurs when you use <nowiki>\[...\]</nowiki> or <nowiki>$$...$$</nowiki>, or environments like | + | Some symbols render differently in inline math mode and in display mode. Display mode occurs when you use <nowiki>\[...\]</nowiki> or <nowiki>$$...$$</nowiki>, or environments like <code> |
In each of the following, the two images show the symbol in display mode, then in inline mode. | In each of the following, the two images show the symbol in display mode, then in inline mode. | ||
Line 357: | Line 397: | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | ==See | + | ==See More== |
*[[LaTeX:Commands | Next: Commands]] | *[[LaTeX:Commands | Next: Commands]] | ||
− |
Latest revision as of 19:35, 4 November 2024
LaTeX |
About - Getting Started - Diagrams - Symbols - Downloads - Basics - Math - Examples - Pictures - Layout - Commands - Packages - Help |
This article provides a short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols.
Contents
[hide]Finding Other Symbols
Here are some external resources for finding less commonly used symbols:
-
Detexify is an online application which allows you to draw the symbol you'd like and shows you the
code for it!
-
MathJax (what allows us to use
on the web, (technically an AJAX library simulating it.)) maintains a list of supported commands.
-
The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List.
-
Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols.
Operators
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\pm | ![]() |
\mp | ![]() |
\times |
![]() |
\div | ![]() |
\cdot | ![]() |
\ast |
![]() |
\star | ![]() |
\dagger | ![]() |
\ddagger |
![]() |
\amalg | ![]() |
\cap | ![]() |
\cup |
![]() |
\uplus | ![]() |
\sqcap | ![]() |
\sqcup |
![]() |
\vee | ![]() |
\wedge | ![]() |
\oplus |
![]() |
\ominus | ![]() |
\otimes | ![]() |
\circ |
![]() |
\bullet | ![]() |
\diamond | ![]() |
\lhd |
![]() |
\rhd | ![]() |
\unlhd | ![]() |
\unrhd |
![]() |
\oslash | ![]() |
\odot | ![]() |
\bigcirc |
![]() |
\triangleleft | ![]() |
\Diamond | ![]() |
\bigtriangleup |
![]() |
\bigtriangledown | ![]() |
\Box | ![]() |
\triangleright |
![]() |
\setminus | ![]() |
\wr | ![]() |
\sqrt{x} |
![]() |
x^{\circ} | ![]() |
\triangledown | ![]() |
\sqrt[n]{x} |
![]() |
a^x | ![]() |
a^{xyz} | ![]() |
a_x |
Relations
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\le | ![]() |
\ge | ![]() |
\neq |
![]() |
\sim | ![]() |
\ll | ![]() |
\gg |
![]() |
\doteq | ![]() |
\simeq | ![]() |
\subset |
![]() |
\supset | ![]() |
\approx | ![]() |
\asymp |
![]() |
\subseteq | ![]() |
\supseteq | ![]() |
\cong |
![]() |
\smile | ![]() |
\sqsubset | ![]() |
\sqsupset |
![]() |
\equiv | ![]() |
\frown | ![]() |
\sqsubseteq |
![]() |
\sqsupseteq | ![]() |
\propto | ![]() |
\bowtie |
![]() |
\in | ![]() |
\ni | ![]() |
\prec |
![]() |
\succ | ![]() |
\vdash | ![]() |
\dashv |
![]() |
\preceq | ![]() |
\succeq | ![]() |
\models |
![]() |
\perp | ![]() |
\parallel | ||
![]() |
\mid | ![]() |
\bumpeq |
Negations of many of these relations can be formed by just putting \not before the symbol, or by slipping an "n" between the \ and the word. Here are a couple examples, plus many other negations; it works for many of the many others as well.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\nmid | ![]() |
\nleq | ![]() |
\ngeq |
![]() |
\nsim | ![]() |
\ncong | ![]() |
\nparallel |
![]() |
\not< | ![]() |
\not> | ![]() |
\not= or \neq or \ne |
![]() |
\not\le | ![]() |
\not\ge | ![]() |
\not\sim |
![]() |
\not\approx | ![]() |
\not\cong | ![]() |
\not\equiv |
![]() |
\not\parallel | ![]() |
\nless | ![]() |
\ngtr |
![]() |
\lneq | ![]() |
\gneq | ![]() |
\lnsim |
![]() |
\lneqq | ![]() |
\gneqq |
To use other relations not listed here, such as ,
, and
, in
, you must use the symbols on your keyboard, as they are not available in
.
Greek Letters
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\alpha | ![]() |
\beta | ![]() |
\gamma | ![]() |
\delta |
![]() |
\epsilon | ![]() |
\varepsilon | ![]() |
\zeta | ![]() |
\eta |
![]() |
\theta | ![]() |
\vartheta | ![]() |
\iota | ![]() |
\kappa |
![]() |
\lambda | ![]() |
\mu | ![]() |
\nu | ![]() |
\xi |
![]() |
\pi | ![]() |
\varpi | ![]() |
\rho | ![]() |
\varrho |
![]() |
\sigma | ![]() |
\varsigma | ![]() |
\tau | ![]() |
\upsilon |
![]() |
\phi | ![]() |
\varphi | ![]() |
\chi | ![]() |
\psi |
![]() |
\omega |
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\Gamma | ![]() |
\Delta | ![]() |
\Theta | ![]() |
\Lambda |
![]() |
\Xi | ![]() |
\Pi | ![]() |
\Sigma | ![]() |
\Upsilon |
![]() |
\Phi | ![]() |
\Psi | ![]() |
\Omega |
Arrows
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\gets | ![]() |
\to |
![]() |
\leftarrow | ![]() |
\Leftarrow |
![]() |
\rightarrow | ![]() |
\Rightarrow |
![]() |
\leftrightarrow | ![]() |
\Leftrightarrow |
![]() |
\mapsto | ![]() |
\hookleftarrow |
![]() |
\leftharpoonup | ![]() |
\leftharpoondown |
![]() |
\rightleftharpoons | ![]() |
\longleftarrow |
![]() |
\Longleftarrow | ![]() |
\longrightarrow |
![]() |
\Longrightarrow | ![]() |
\longleftrightarrow |
![]() |
\Longleftrightarrow | ![]() |
\longmapsto |
![]() |
\hookrightarrow | ![]() |
\rightharpoonup |
![]() |
\rightharpoondown | ![]() |
\leadsto |
![]() |
\uparrow | ![]() |
\Uparrow |
![]() |
\downarrow | ![]() |
\Downarrow |
![]() |
\updownarrow | ![]() |
\Updownarrow |
![]() |
\nearrow | ![]() |
\searrow |
![]() |
\swarrow | ![]() |
\nwarrow |
![]() |
\overrightarrow{AB} | ![]() |
\overleftarrow{AB} |
![]() |
\overleftrightarrow{AB} |
(For those of you who hate typing long strings of letters, \iff and \implies can be used in place of \Longleftrightarrow and \Longrightarrow, respectively.)
Dots
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\cdot | ![]() |
\vdots | |
![]() |
\dots | ![]() |
\ddots | |
![]() |
\cdots | ![]() |
\iddots |
Accents
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\hat{x} | ![]() |
\check{x} | ![]() |
\dot{x} |
![]() |
\breve{x} | ![]() |
\acute{x} | ![]() |
\ddot{x} |
![]() |
\grave{x} | ![]() |
\tilde{x} | ![]() |
\mathring{x} |
![]() |
\bar{x} | ![]() |
\vec{x} |
When applying accents to i and j, you can use \imath and \jmath to keep the dots from interfering with the accents:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\vec{\jmath} | ![]() |
\tilde{\imath} |
\tilde and \hat have wide versions that allow you to accent an expression:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\widehat{7+x} | ![]() |
\widetilde{abc} |
Others
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\infty | ![]() |
\triangle | ![]() |
\angle |
![]() |
\aleph | ![]() |
\hbar | ![]() |
\imath |
![]() |
\jmath | ![]() |
\ell | ![]() |
\wp |
![]() |
\Re | ![]() |
\Im | ![]() |
\mho |
![]() |
\prime | ![]() |
\emptyset | ![]() |
\nabla |
![]() |
\surd | ![]() |
\partial | ![]() |
\top |
![]() |
\bot | ![]() |
\vdash | ![]() |
\dashv |
![]() |
\forall | ![]() |
\exists | ![]() |
\neg |
![]() |
\flat | ![]() |
\natural | ![]() |
\sharp |
![]() |
\backslash | ![]() |
\Box | ![]() |
\Diamond |
![]() |
\clubsuit | ![]() |
\diamondsuit | ![]() |
\heartsuit |
![]() |
\spadesuit | ![]() |
\Join | ![]() |
\blacksquare |
![]() |
\diamondsuit | ![]() |
\copyright | ![]() |
\underarc{XYZ} |
![]() |
\heartsuit | ![]() |
\overarc{ABC} | ![]() |
\cup |
![]() |
\S | ![]() |
\P | ![]() |
\Vdash |
![]() |
\pounds | ![]() |
\in | ![]() |
\vDash |
![]() |
\bigstar | ![]() |
\implies | ![]() |
\LaTeX |
![]() |
\square | ![]() |
\text{\LaTeX} | ||
![]() |
\smiley | ||||
![]() |
\mathbb{R} (represents all real numbers) | ||||
![]() |
\checkmark | ||||
![]() |
\cancer |
Note: and
do not work in the classroom.
Command Symbols
Some symbols are used in commands, so they need to be treated in a special way.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\textdollar or $ | ![]() |
\& | ![]() |
\% | ![]() |
\# |
![]() |
\_ | ![]() |
\{ | ![]() |
\} | ![]() |
\backslash |
(Warning: Using $ for will result in
. This is a bug as far as we know. Depending on the version of
this is not always a problem.)
European Language Symbols
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
{\oe} | ![]() |
{\ae} | ![]() |
{\o} | ||
![]() |
{\OE} | ![]() |
{\AE} | ![]() |
{\AA} | ![]() |
{\O} |
![]() |
{\l} | ![]() |
{\ss} | ![]() |
!` | ||
![]() |
{\L} | ![]() |
{\SS} |
Bracketing Symbols
In mathematics, sometimes we need to enclose expressions in brackets, braces or parentheses. Some of these work just as you'd imagine in LaTeX; type ( and ) for parentheses, [ and ] for brackets, and | and | for absolute value. However, other symbols have special commands:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\{ | ![]() |
\} | ![]() |
\| |
![]() |
\backslash | ![]() |
\lfloor | ![]() |
\rfloor |
![]() |
\lceil | ![]() |
\rceil | ![]() |
\langle |
![]() |
\rangle |
You might notice that if you use any of these to typeset an expression that is vertically large, like
- (\frac{a}{x} )^2
the parentheses don't come out the right size:
If we put \left and \right before the relevant parentheses, we get a prettier expression:
- \left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2
gives
For systems of equations or piecewise functions, use the cases environment:
f(x) = \begin{cases} x^2 &\text{if } x \ge 0 \ x &\text{if } x < 0 \end{cases}
which gives
In addition to the \left and \right commands, when doing floor or ceiling functions with fractions, using
\left\lceil\frac{x}{y}\right\rceil
and \left\lfloor\frac{x}{y}\right\rfloor
gives both and
, respectively.
And, if you type this
\underbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}_{x}
Gives
Or
\overbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}^{x}
Gives
\left and \right can also be used to resize the following symbols:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\uparrow | ![]() |
\downarrow | ![]() |
\updownarrow |
![]() |
\Uparrow | ![]() |
\Downarrow | ![]() |
\Updownarrow |
Multi-Size Symbols
Some symbols render differently in inline math mode and in display mode. Display mode occurs when you use \[...\] or $$...$$, or environments like \begin{equation}...\end{equation}
or \begin{align}...\end{align}
. Read more in the commands section of the guide about how symbols which take arguments above and below the symbols, such as a summation symbol, behave in the two modes.
In each of the following, the two images show the symbol in display mode, then in inline mode.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\sum | ![]() |
\int | ![]() |
\oint |
![]() |
\prod | ![]() |
\coprod | ![]() |
\bigcap |
![]() |
\bigcup | ![]() |
\bigsqcup | ![]() |
\bigvee |
![]() |
\bigwedge | ![]() |
\bigodot | ![]() |
\bigotimes |
![]() |
\bigoplus | ![]() |
\biguplus |