Art of Problem Solving
AoPS Online
Math texts, online classes, and more
for students in grades 5-12.
Visit AoPS Online ‚
Books for Grades 5-12 Online Courses
Beast Academy
Engaging math books and online learning
for students ages 6-13.
Visit Beast Academy ‚
Books for Ages 6-13 Beast Academy Online
AoPS Academy
Small live classes for advanced math
and language arts learners in grades 2-12.
Visit AoPS Academy ‚
Find a Physical Campus Visit the Virtual Campus

Difference between revisions of "1989 AIME Problems/Problem 8"

m (→‎Solution 3 (Generalized))
(→‎Solution 3 (Generalized))
Line 53: Line 53:
 
~MRENTHUSIASM (Reconstruction)
 
~MRENTHUSIASM (Reconstruction)
  
−
== Solution 3 (Generalized) ==
+
== Solution 4 (Finite Differences by Algebra) ==
 
Notice that we may rewrite the equations in the more compact form as:
 
Notice that we may rewrite the equations in the more compact form as:
 
<cmath>\begin{align*}
 
<cmath>\begin{align*}
Line 65: Line 65:
 
Now consider the polynomial given by <math> f(z) = \sum_{i=1}^7 (i+z)^2x_i </math> (we are only treating the <math>x_i</math> as coefficients).
 
Now consider the polynomial given by <math> f(z) = \sum_{i=1}^7 (i+z)^2x_i </math> (we are only treating the <math>x_i</math> as coefficients).
  
−
Notice that <math>f</math> is in fact a quadratic. We are given <math>f(0), \ f(1), \ f(2)</math> as <math>c_1, \ c_2, \ c_3</math> and are asked to find <math>c_4</math>. Using the concept of finite differences (a prototype of differentiation) we find that the second differences of consecutive values is constant, so that by arithmetic operations we find <math>c_4=\boxed{334}</math>.  
+
Notice that <math>f</math> is in fact a quadratic. We are given <math>f(0)=c_1, f(1)=c_2, f(2)=c_3</math> and are asked to find <math>f(3)=c_4</math>. Using the concept of finite differences (a prototype of differentiation) we find that the second differences of consecutive values is constant, so that by arithmetic operations we find <math>c_4=\boxed{334}</math>.  
  
 
Alternatively, applying finite differences, one obtains <cmath>c_4 = {3 \choose 2}f(2) - {3 \choose 1}f(1) + {3 \choose 0}f(0) =334.</cmath>
 
Alternatively, applying finite differences, one obtains <cmath>c_4 = {3 \choose 2}f(2) - {3 \choose 1}f(1) + {3 \choose 0}f(0) =334.</cmath>

Revision as of 21:47, 25 June 2021

Problem

Assume that $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_7$ are real numbers such that \begin{align*} x_1 + 4x_2 + 9x_3 + 16x_4 + 25x_5 + 36x_6 + 49x_7 &= 1, \\ 4x_1 + 9x_2 + 16x_3 + 25x_4 + 36x_5 + 49x_6 + 64x_7 &= 12, \\ 9x_1 + 16x_2 + 25x_3 + 36x_4 + 49x_5 + 64x_6 + 81x_7 &= 123. \end{align*} Find the value of $16x_1+25x_2+36x_3+49x_4+64x_5+81x_6+100x_7$.

Solution 1 (Quadratic Function)

Note that each equation is of the form \[f(k)=k^2x_1+(k+1)^2x_2+(k+2)^2x_3+(k+3)^2x_4+(k+4)^2x_5+(k+5)^2x_6+(k+6)^2x_7,\] for some $k\in\{1,2,3\}.$

When we expand $f(k)$ and combine like terms, we obtain a quadratic function of $k:$ \[f(k)=ak^2+bk+c,\] where $a,b,$ and $c$ are linear combinations of $x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4,x_5,x_6,$ and $x_7.$

We are given that \begin{alignat*}{10} f(1)&=\phantom{42}a+b+c&&=1, \\ f(2)&=4a+2b+c&&=12, \\ f(3)&=9a+3b+c&&=123, \end{alignat*} and we wish to find $f(4).$

We eliminate $c$ by subtracting the first equation from the second, then subtracting the second equation from the third: \begin{align*} 3a+b&=11, \\ 5a+b&=111. \end{align*} By either substitution or elimination, we get $a=50$ and $b=-139.$ Substituting these back produces $c=90.$

Finally, the answer is \[f(4)=16a+4b+c=\boxed{334}.\]

~Azjps (Fundamental Logic)

~MRENTHUSIASM (Reconstruction)

Solution 2 (Linear Combination)

For simplicity purposes, we number the given equations $(1),(2),$ and $(3),$ in that order. Let \[16x_1+25x_2+36x_3+49x_4+64x_5+81x_6+100x_7=S. \hspace{29.5mm}(4)\] Subtracting $(1)$ from $(2),$ subtracting $(2)$ from $(3),$ and subtracting $(3)$ from $(4),$ we obtain the following equations, respectively: \begin{align*} 3x_1 + 5x_2 + 7x_3 + 9x_4 + 11x_5 + 13x_6 + 15x_7 &=11, \hspace{20mm}&(5) \\ 5x_1 + 7x_2 + 9x_3 + 11x_4 + 13x_5 + 15x_6 + 17x_7 &=111, &(6) \\ 7x_1 + 9x_2 + 11x_3 + 13x_4 + 15x_5 + 17x_6 + 19x_7 &=S-123. &(7) \\ \end{align*} Subtracting $(5)$ from $(6)$ and subtracting $(6)$ from $(7),$ we obtain the following equations, respectively: \begin{align*} 2x_1+2x_2+2x_3+2x_4+2x_5+2x_6+2x_7&=100, &(8) \\ 2x_1+2x_2+2x_3+2x_4+2x_5+2x_6+2x_7&=S-234. \hspace{20mm}&(9) \end{align*} Finally, applying the Transitive Property to $(8)$ and $(9)$ gives $S-234=100,$ from which $S=\boxed{334}.$

~Duohead (Fundamental Logic)

~MRENTHUSIASM (Reconstruction)

Solution 4 (Finite Differences by Algebra)

Notice that we may rewrite the equations in the more compact form as: \begin{align*} \sum_{i=1}^{7}i^2x_i&=c_1, \\ \sum_{i=1}^{7}(i+1)^2x_i&=c_2, \\ \sum_{i=1}^{7}(i+2)^2x_i&=c_3, \\ \sum_{i=1}^{7}(i+3)^2x_i&=c_4, \end{align*} where $c_1=1, c_2=12, c_3=123,$ and $c_4$ is what we are trying to find.

Now consider the polynomial given by $f(z) = \sum_{i=1}^7 (i+z)^2x_i$ (we are only treating the $x_i$ as coefficients).

Notice that $f$ is in fact a quadratic. We are given $f(0)=c_1, f(1)=c_2, f(2)=c_3$ and are asked to find $f(3)=c_4$. Using the concept of finite differences (a prototype of differentiation) we find that the second differences of consecutive values is constant, so that by arithmetic operations we find $c_4=\boxed{334}$.

Alternatively, applying finite differences, one obtains \[c_4 = {3 \choose 2}f(2) - {3 \choose 1}f(1) + {3 \choose 0}f(0) =334.\]

Solution 4 (Very Cheap: Not Recommended)

We let $(x_4,x_5,x_6,x_7)=(0,0,0,0)$. Thus, we have \[\begin{cases} x_1+4x_2+9x_3&=1\\ 4x_1+9x_2+16x_3&=12\\ 9x_1+16x_2+25x_3&=123\\ \end{cases}\] Grinding this out, we have $(x_1,x_2,x_3)=\left(\frac{797}{4},-229,\frac{319}{4}\right)$ which gives $\boxed{334}$ as our final answer.

-Pleaseletmewin

Video Solution

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mOROTEkvWI ~ MathEx

See also

1989 AIME (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 7 		Followed by
Problem 9
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions. AMC logo.png

Retrieved from "https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=1989_AIME_Problems/Problem_8&oldid=156848"