Difference between revisions of "2022 AMC 12B Problems/Problem 24"

Revision as of 16:19, 21 December 2022

Problem

The figure below depicts a regular 7-gon inscribed in a unit circle. $[asy] import geometry; unitsize(3cm); draw(circle((0,0),1),linewidth(1.5)); for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i) { for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j) { draw(dir(i * 360/7) -- dir(j * 360/7),linewidth(1.5)); } } for(int i = 0; i < 7; ++i) { dot(dir(i * 360/7),5+black); } [/asy]$ What is the sum of the 4th powers of the lengths of all 21 of its edges and diagonals?

$\textbf{(A) }49 \qquad \textbf{(B) }98 \qquad \textbf{(C) }147 \qquad \textbf{(D) }168 \qquad \textbf{(E) }196$

Solution (Complex numbers approach)

There are 7 segments whose lengths are $2 \sin \frac{\pi}{7}$ , 7 segments whose lengths are $2 \sin \frac{2 \pi}{7}$ , 7 segments whose lengths are $2 \sin \frac{3\pi}{7}$ .

Therefore, the sum of the 4th powers of these lengths is $\begin{align*} & 7 \cdot 2^4 \sin^4 \frac{\pi}{7} + 7 \cdot 2^4 \sin^4 \frac{2 \pi}{7} + 7 \cdot 2^4 \sin^4 \frac{3 \pi}{7} \\ & = \frac{7 \cdot 2^4}{(2i)^4} \left( e^{i \frac{\pi}{7}} - e^{i \frac{\pi}{7}} \right)^4 + \frac{7 \cdot 2^4}{(2i)^4} \left( e^{i \frac{2 \pi}{7}} - e^{i \frac{2 \pi}{7}} \right)^4 + \frac{7 \cdot 2^4}{(2i)^4} \left( e^{i \frac{3 \pi}{7}} - e^{i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} \right)^4 \\ & = 7 \left( e^{i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} - 4 e^{i \frac{2 \pi}{7}} + 6 - 4 e^{- i \frac{2 \pi}{7}} + e^{- i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} \right) \\ & \quad + 7 \left( e^{i \frac{8 \pi}{7}} - 4 e^{i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} + 6 - 4 e^{- i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} + e^{- i \frac{8 \pi}{7}} \right) \\ & \quad + 7 \left( e^{i \frac{12 \pi}{7}} - 4 e^{i \frac{6 \pi}{7}} + 6 - 4 e^{- i \frac{6 \pi}{7}} + e^{- i \frac{12 \pi}{7}} \right) \\ & = 7 \left( e^{i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} + e^{i \frac{8 \pi}{7}} + e^{i \frac{12 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{8 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{12 \pi}{7}} \right) \\ & \quad - 7 \cdot 4 \left( e^{i \frac{2 \pi}{7}} + e^{i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} + e^{i \frac{6 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{2 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{6 \pi}{7}} \right) \\ & \quad + 7 \cdot 6 \cdot 3 \\ & = 7 \left( e^{i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{6 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{2 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} + e^{i \frac{6 \pi}{7}} + e^{i \frac{2 \pi}{7}} \right) \\ & \quad - 7 \cdot 4 \left( e^{i \frac{2 \pi}{7}} + e^{i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} + e^{i \frac{6 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{2 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{6 \pi}{7}} \right) \\ & \quad + 7 \cdot 6 \cdot 3 \\ & = -7 + 7 \cdot 4 + 7 \cdot 6 \cdot 3 \\ & = \boxed{\textbf{(C) 147}} , \end{align*}$ where the fourth from the last equality follows from the property that $\begin{align*} e^{i \frac{2 \pi}{7}} + e^{i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} + e^{i \frac{6 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{2 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{4 \pi}{7}} + e^{-i \frac{6 \pi}{7}} & = e^{-i \frac{6 \pi}{7}} \sum_{j=0}^6 e^{i \frac{2 \pi j}{7}} - 1 \\ & = 0 - 1 \\ & = -1 . \end{align*}$

~Steven Chen (Professor Chen Education Palace, www.professorchenedu.com)

Solution 2 (Trig approach)

There are 7 segments whose lengths are $2 \sin \frac{\pi}{7}$ , 7 segments whose lengths are $2 \sin \frac{2 \pi}{7}$ , 7 segments whose lengths are $2 \sin \frac{3\pi}{7}$ .

Therefore, the sum of the 4th powers of these lengths is $\begin{align*} & 7 \cdot 2^4 \sin^4 \frac{\pi}{7} + 7 \cdot 2^4 \sin^4 \frac{2 \pi}{7} + 7 \cdot 2^4 \sin^4 \frac{3 \pi}{7} \\ & = 7 \cdot 2^4 \left( \frac{1 - \cos \frac{2 \pi}{7}}{2} \right)^2 + 7 \cdot 2^4 \left( \frac{1 - \cos \frac{4 \pi}{7}}{2} \right)^2 + 7 \cdot 2^4 \left( \frac{1 - \cos \frac{6 \pi}{7}}{2} \right)^2 \\ & = 7 \cdot 2^2 \left( 1 - 2 \cos \frac{2 \pi}{7} + \cos^2 \frac{2 \pi}{7} \right) + 7 \cdot 2^2 \left( 1 - 2 \cos \frac{4 \pi}{7} + \cos^2 \frac{4 \pi}{7} \right) + 7 \cdot 2^2 \left( 1 - 2 \cos \frac{6 \pi}{7} + \cos^2 \frac{6 \pi}{7} \right) \\ & = 7 \cdot 2^2 \cdot 3 - 7 \cdot 2^3 \left( \cos \frac{2 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{4 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{6 \pi}{7} \right) + 7 \cdot 2^2 \left( \cos^2 \frac{2 \pi}{7} + \cos^2 \frac{4 \pi}{7} + \cos^2 \frac{6 \pi}{7} \right) \\ & = 7 \cdot 2^2 \cdot 3 - 7 \cdot 2^3 \left( \cos \frac{2 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{4 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{6 \pi}{7} \right) + 7 \cdot 2^2 \left( \frac{1 + \cos \frac{4 \pi}{7} }{2} + \frac{1 + \cos \frac{8 \pi}{7} }{2} + \frac{1 + \cos \frac{12 \pi}{7} }{2} \right) \\ & = 7 \cdot 2^2 \cdot 3 - 7 \cdot 2^3 \left( \cos \frac{2 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{4 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{6 \pi}{7} \right) + 7 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 + 7 \cdot 2 \left( \cos \frac{4 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{8 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{12 \pi}{7} \right) \\ & = 7 \cdot 2^2 \cdot 3 - 7 \cdot 2^3 \left( \cos \frac{2 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{4 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{6 \pi}{7} \right) + 7 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 + 7 \cdot 2 \left( \cos \frac{4 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{6 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{2 \pi}{7} \right) \\ & = 7 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 \left( 2 + 1 \right) - 7 \cdot 2 \left( 4 - 1 \right) \left( \cos \frac{4 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{6 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{2 \pi}{7} \right) \\ & = 7 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 \left( 2 + 1 \right) - 7 \cdot 2 \left( 4 - 1 \right) \cdot \left( - \frac{1}{2} \right) \\ & = \boxed{\textbf{(C) 147}} , \end{align*}$ where the second from the last equality follows from the property that $\cos \frac{4 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{6 \pi}{7} + \cos \frac{2 \pi}{7} = - \frac{1}{2} .$

~Steven Chen (Professor Chen Education Palace, www.professorchenedu.com)

Solution 3

As explained in the first two solutions, what we are trying to find is $7 \cdot 2^4 \sin^4 \frac{\pi}{7} + 7 \cdot 2^4 \sin^4 \frac{2 \pi}{7} + 7 \cdot 2^4 \sin^4 \frac{3 \pi}{7}$ . Using trig we get $\begin{align*} & \sin^4 \frac{\pi}{7} + \sin^4 \frac{2 \pi}{7} + \sin^4 \frac{3 \pi}{7} \\ = & \sin^2 \frac{\pi}{7} \left(1 - \cos^2 \frac{\pi}{7} \right) + \sin^2 \frac{2\pi}{7} \left(1 - \cos^2 \frac{2\pi}{7} \right) + \sin^2 \frac{3\pi}{7} \left(1 - \cos^2 \frac{3\pi}{7} \right) \\ = & \sin^2 \frac{\pi}{7} - \left(\frac{1}{2} \sin \frac{2\pi}{7}\right)^2 + \sin^2 \frac{2\pi}{7} - \left(\frac{1}{2} \sin \frac{4\pi}{7}\right)^2 + \sin^2 \frac{3\pi}{7} - \left(\frac{1}{2} \sin \frac{6\pi}{7}\right)^2\\ = & \sin^2 \frac{\pi}{7} - \frac{1}{4} \sin^2 \frac{2\pi}{7} + \sin^2 \frac{2\pi}{7} - \frac{1}{4} \sin^2 \frac{4\pi}{7} + \sin^2 \frac{3\pi}{7} - \frac{1}{4} \sin^2 \frac{6\pi}{7} \\ = & \frac{3}{4} \left(\sin^2 \frac{\pi}{7} + \sin^2 \frac{2\pi}{7} + \sin^2 \frac{3\pi}{7}\right) \\ = & \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \left(1 - \cos \frac{2\pi}{7} + 1 - \cos \frac{4\pi}{7} + 1 - \cos \frac{6\pi}{7} \right)\\ = & \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \left(3 - \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)\right) \\ = & \frac{21}{16}. \end{align*}$ Like in the second solution, we also use the fact that $\cos \frac{2\pi}{7} + \cos \frac{4\pi}{7} + \cos \frac{6\pi}{7} = -\frac{1}{2}$ , which admittedly might need some explanation. Notice that $\begin{align*} & \cos \frac{2\pi}{7} + \cos \frac{4\pi}{7} + \cos \frac{6\pi}{7} \\ & = \frac{1}{2}\left(e^\frac{2i\pi}{7}+ e^{-\frac{2i\pi}{7}} \right) + \frac{1}{2}\left( e^\frac{4i\pi}{7}+ e^{-\frac{4i\pi}{7}} \right) + \frac{1}{2}\left( e^\frac{6i\pi}{7}+ e^{-\frac{6i\pi}{7}}\right) \\ & = \frac{1}{2}\left(e^\frac{2i\pi}{7}+ e^{-\frac{2i\pi}{7}}+ e^\frac{4i\pi}{7}+ e^{-\frac{4i\pi}{7}} +e^\frac{6i\pi}{7}+ e^{-\frac{6i\pi}{7}} + 1\right) - \frac{1}{2} \end{align*}$ In the brackets we have the sum of the roots of the polynomial $x^7 - 1 = 0$ . These sum to $0$ by Vieta’s formulas, and the desired identity follows. See Roots of unity if you have not seen this technique.

Going back to the question: $7 \cdot 2^4 \sin^4 \frac{\pi}{7} + 7 \cdot 2^4 \sin^4 \frac{2 \pi}{7} + 7 \cdot 2^4 \sin^4 \frac{3 \pi}{7} = 7 \cdot 2^4 \left(\sin^4 \frac{\pi}{7} + \sin^4 \frac{2 \pi}{7} + \sin^4 \frac{3 \pi}{7}\right) = 7 \cdot 2^4 \cdot \frac{21}{16} = \boxed{\textbf{(C) 147}}$ . ~obscene_kangaroo

Solution 4 (ruler cheese)

Hope you had a ruler handy! This problem can be done with a ruler and basic estimation.

First, measuring the radius of the circle obtains $2.9$ cm (when done on the paper version). Thus, any other measurement we get for the sides/diagonals should be divided by $2.9$ .

Measuring the sides of the circle gets $2.5$ cm. The shorter diagonals are $4.5$ cm, and the longest diagonals measure $5.6$ cm. Thus, we'd like to estimate $7\left(\frac{2.5}{2.9}\right)^4 + 7\left(\frac{4.5}{2.9}\right)^4 + 7\left(\frac{5.6}{2.9}\right)^4.$

We know $\left(\frac{2.5}{2.9}\right)^4$ is slightly less than $1.$ Let's approximate it as 1 for now. Thus, $7\left(\frac{2.5}{2.9}\right)^4 \approx 7.$

Next, $\left(\frac{4.5}{2.9}\right)^4$ is slightly more than $\left(\frac{4.5}{3}\right)^4.$ We know $\left(\frac{4.5}{3}\right)^4 = 1.5^4 = \frac{81}{16},$ slightly more than $5,$ so we can approximate $\left(\frac{4.5}{2.9}\right)^4$ as $5.5.$ Thus, $7\left(\frac{2.5}{2.9}\right)^4 \approx 38.5.$

Finally, $\left(\frac{5.6}{2.9}\right)^4$ is slightly less than $\left(\frac{5.6}{2.8}\right)^4 = 2^4 = 16.$ We say it's around $15,$ so then $7\left(\frac{5.6}{2.9}\right)^4 \approx 105.$

Adding what we have, we get $105 + 38.5 + 1 = 144.5$ as our estimate. We see $\boxed{\textbf{(C)} \ 147}$ is very close to our estimate, so we circle it and are happy that we successfully cheesed an AMC 12B problem 24.

~sirswagger21

Solution 5

This solution follows the same steps as the trigonometry solutions(solution 2 and 3), except it gives an alternate way to prove the statement below true without complex numbers:

$\cos \frac{2\pi}{7} + \cos \frac{4\pi}{7} + \cos \frac{6\pi}{7} = -\frac{1}{2}$

$\begin{align*} & S = \cos \frac{2\pi}{7} + \cos \frac{4\pi}{7} + \cos \frac{6\pi}{7} \\ & S^2 = \cos^2 \frac{2\pi}{7} + \cos^2 \frac{4\pi}{7} + \cos^2 \frac{6\pi}{7} + 2\cos \frac{2\pi}{7}\cos \frac{4\pi}{7} + 2\cos \frac{2\pi}{7}\cos \frac{6\pi}{7} + 2\cos \frac{4\pi}{7}\cos \frac{6\pi}{7} \\ & S^2 = (\frac{1+ \cos \frac{4\pi}{7}}{2}) + (\frac{1+ \cos \frac{8\pi}{7}}{2}) + (\frac{1+ \cos \frac{12\pi}{7}}{2}) + 2\cos \frac{2\pi}{7}\cos \frac{4\pi}{7} + 2\cos \frac{2\pi}{7}\cos \frac{6\pi}{7} + 2\cos \frac{4\pi}{7}\cos \frac{6\pi}{7} \\ & S^2 = \frac{1}{2}(3 + S) + (\cos \frac{6\pi}{7} + \cos \frac{2\pi}{7}) + (\cos \frac{8\pi}{7} + \cos \frac{4\pi}{7}) + (\cos \frac{10\pi}{7} + \cos \frac{2\pi}{7}) \\ & S^2 = \frac{1}{2}(3 + S) + 2\cos \frac{2\pi}{7} + 2\cos \frac{4\pi}{7} + 2\cos \frac{6\pi}{7}\\ & S^2 = \frac{1}{2}(3 + S) + 2S \\ & 2S^2 - 5S -3 = 0 \end{align*}$

Using the quadratic formula, we find the solutions for $S$ to be $-\frac{1}{2}$ and $3$ . Because 3 is impossible, $S = -\frac{1}{2}$ . With this result, following similar to steps to solution 2 and 3 will get $\boxed{\textbf{(C)} \ 147}$

~lordf

Solution 6 (law of cosine)

Let x,y,z be the lengths of the chords with arcs $\frac{2\pi}{7}$ , $\frac{4\pi}{7}$ and $\frac{6\pi}{7}$ respectively.

Then by the law of cosines we get:

$x^2=2(1-\cos\frac{2\pi}{7})$ $y^2=2(1-\cos\frac{4\pi}{7})$ $z^2=2(1-\cos\frac{6\pi}{7})$

The answer is then just $7(x^4+y^4+z^4)$ (since there's 7 of each diagonal/side), obtained by summing the squares of the above equations and then multiplying by 7.

$7*2^2\left( (1-\cos\frac{2\pi}{7})^2 + (1-\cos\frac{4\pi}{7})^2 + (1-\cos\frac{6\pi}{7})^2 \right)$

$7*4\left( (1-2\cos\frac{2\pi}{7}+\cos^2\frac{2\pi}{7}) + (1-2\cos\frac{4\pi}{7}+\cos^2\frac{4\pi}{7}) + (1-2\cos\frac{6\pi}{7}+\cos^2\frac{6\pi}{7}) \right)$

$7*4\left(3-2(\cos\frac{2\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{4\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{6\pi}{7}) + \cos^2\frac{2\pi}{7}+\cos^2\frac{4\pi}{7}+\cos^2\frac{6\pi}{7} \right)$

$7*4\left(3-2(\cos\frac{2\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{4\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{6\pi}{7}) + \frac12 (1+\cos\frac{4\pi}{7}+1+\cos\frac{8\pi}{7}+1+\cos\frac{12\pi}{7}) \right)$

$7*4\left(\frac{9}{2}-2(\cos\frac{2\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{4\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{6\pi}{7}) + \frac12 (\cos\frac{4\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{6\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{2\pi}{7}) \right)$

$7*4\left(\frac{9}{2}-\frac{3}{2}(\cos\frac{2\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{4\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{6\pi}{7}) \right)$

$7*4\left(\frac{9}{2}-\frac{3}{2} (\frac{-1}{2})\right)$

$147$

(Uses the identity that $\cos\frac{2\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{4\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{6\pi}{7} = \frac{-1}{2}$ )

$\boxed{\textbf{(C)} \ 147}$

Video Solution

https://youtu.be/nO5p_xfXykI

~ ThePuzzlr

https://youtu.be/yRbweIYtLU8

~Steven Chen (Professor Chen Education Palace, www.professorchenedu.com)

@@ Line 233: / Line 233: @@
 <cmath>147</cmath>
+(Uses the identity that <math> \cos\frac{2\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{4\pi}{7}+\cos\frac{6\pi}{7} = \frac{-1}{2}</math>)
 <math>\boxed{\textbf{(C)} \ 147}</math>

2022 AMC 12B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 23	Followed by Problem 25
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Difference between revisions of "2022 AMC 12B Problems/Problem 24"

Revision as of 16:19, 21 December 2022

Contents

Problem

Solution (Complex numbers approach)

Solution 2 (Trig approach)

Solution 3

Solution 4 (ruler cheese)

Solution 5

Solution 6 (law of cosine)

Video Solution

See Also