Difference between revisions of "Vieta's Formulas"
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Vieta's Formulas can be used to relate the sum and product of the roots of a polynomial to its coefficients. The simplest application of this is with quadratics. If we have a quadratic <math>x^2+ax+b=0</math> with solutions <math>p</math> and <math>q</math>, then we know that we can factor it as: | Vieta's Formulas can be used to relate the sum and product of the roots of a polynomial to its coefficients. The simplest application of this is with quadratics. If we have a quadratic <math>x^2+ax+b=0</math> with solutions <math>p</math> and <math>q</math>, then we know that we can factor it as: | ||
− | <center><math> | + | <center><math>ax^2+bx+c=(x-p)(x-q)</math></center> |
− | + | Using the distributive property to expand the right side we now have | |
<center><math>x^2+ax+b=x^2-(p+q)x+pq</math></center> | <center><math>x^2+ax+b=x^2-(p+q)x+pq</math></center> |
Revision as of 07:38, 7 August 2021
Vieta's Formulas, otherwise called Viète's Laws, are a set of equations relating the roots and the coefficients of polynomials.
Introduction
Vieta's Formulas were discovered by the French mathematician François Viète.
Vieta's Formulas can be used to relate the sum and product of the roots of a polynomial to its coefficients. The simplest application of this is with quadratics. If we have a quadratic with solutions
and
, then we know that we can factor it as:
![$ax^2+bx+c=(x-p)(x-q)$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/c/e/7/ce753098efdb52bb053f9696756c650a2c04051d.png)
Using the distributive property to expand the right side we now have
![$x^2+ax+b=x^2-(p+q)x+pq$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/f/e/9/fe9ef40e2e81d7ac64a56d496bce78113e21220e.png)
Vieta's Formulas are often used when finding the sum and products of the roots of a quadratic in the form with roots
and
They state that:
and
We know that two polynomials are equal if and only if their coefficients are equal, so means that
and
. In other words, the product of the roots is equal to the constant term, and the sum of the roots is the opposite of the coefficient of the
term.
A similar set of relations for cubics can be found by expanding .
We can state Vieta's formulas more rigorously and generally. Let be a polynomial of degree
, so
,
where the coefficient of
is
and
. As a consequence of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, we can also write
, where
are the roots of
. We thus have that
![$a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots+a_1x+a_0 = a_n(x-r_1)(x-r_2)\cdots(x-r_n).$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/4/4/b/44b0375f3fff54d4440ac27ed32a29ea26fa6f10.png)
Expanding out the right-hand side gives us
![$a_nx^n - a_n(r_1+r_2+\!\cdots\!+r_n)x^{n-1} + a_n(r_1r_2 + r_1r_3 +\! \cdots\! + r_{n-1}r_n)x^{n-2} +\! \cdots\! + (-1)^na_n r_1r_2\cdots r_n.$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/4/6/e/46e7e70100dd310b8f3cb9d5edeaed8c7fbf771a.png)
The coefficient of in this expression will be the
-th elementary symmetric sum of the
.
We now have two different expressions for . These must be equal. However, the only way for two polynomials to be equal for all values of
is for each of their corresponding coefficients to be equal. So, starting with the coefficient of
, we see that
![$a_n = a_n$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/b/0/b/b0bdcbc9e71069ce32a5b6c5a3137b1832620d2c.png)
![$a_{n-1} = -a_n(r_1+r_2+\cdots+r_n)$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/e/9/8/e98bba0737992471e152a486d4e12fc9d38f8803.png)
![$a_{n-2} = a_n(r_1r_2+r_1r_3+\cdots+r_{n-1}r_n)$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/e/5/7/e5734e66af5754c9f39706aafe68f3a0eb2bff8c.png)
![$\vdots$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/6/9/c/69cdf7ec84ff918cbe7f21acf7543bf1bd243080.png)
![$a_0 = (-1)^n a_n r_1r_2\cdots r_n$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/1/3/f/13f11a26327cb547c656475c515683b949d4823a.png)
More commonly, these are written with the roots on one side and the on the other (this can be arrived at by dividing both sides of all the equations by
).
If we denote as the
-th elementary symmetric sum, then we can write those formulas more compactly as
, for
.
Also,
.
Provide links to problems that use vieta formular: Examples: https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php/2017_AMC_12A_Problems/Problem_23
Proving Vieta's Formula
Basic proof:
This has already been proved earlier, but I will explain it more.
If we have
, the roots are
and
.
Now expanding the left side, we get:
.
Factor out an
on the right hand side and we get:
Looking at the two sides, we can quickly see that the coefficient
is equal to
.
is the actual sum of roots, however. Therefore, it makes sense that
. The same proof can be given for
.
Note: If you do not understand why we must divide by , try rewriting the original equation as
SuperJJ
General Form
For a polynomial of the form with roots
, Vieta's formulas state that:
These formulas are widely used in competitions, and it is best to remember that when the roots are taken in groups of
(i.e.
is taken in groups of 1 and
is taken in groups of
), this is equivalent to
.