Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic states that every positive integer can be written as a product
where the
are all prime numbers; moreover, this expression for
(called its prime factorization) is unique, up to rearrangement of the factors.
Note that the property of uniqueness is not, in general, true for other sorts of factorizations. For example, most integers have many factorizations into 2 parts: . Thus, the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic tells us in some sense that "factorizations into prime numbers is deeper than factorization into two parts."
Proofs
The most common elementary proof of the theorem involves induction and use of Euclid's Lemma, which states that if and
are natural numbers and
is a prime number such that
, then
or
. This proof is not terribly interesting, but it does prove that every Euclidean domain has unique prime factorization.
The proof below uses group theory, specifically the Jordan-Hölder Theorem.
Proof by Group Theory
Suppose that , for primes
and
. Then both of the composition series
are Jordan-Hölder series, and their quotients are
and
Then by the Jordan-Hölder Theorem, the primes
are a rearrangement of the primes
. Therefore the prime factorization of
is unique.
Proof by Ring Theory
Since is a Euclidean Domain, it is a Principle Ideal Domain, and is therefore a Unique Factorization Domain. This proves the theorem
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