2003 USAMO Problems/Problem 6

Problem

At the vertices of a regular hexagon are written six nonnegative integers whose sum is 2003. Bert is allowed to make moves of the following form: he may pick a vertex and replace the number written there by the absolute value of the difference between the numbers written at the two neighboring vertices. Prove that Bert can make a sequence of moves, after which the number 0 appears at all six vertices.

Solution

Assume the original numbers are $a,b,c,d,e,f$ . Since $a+b+c+d+e+f$ is odd, either $a+c+e$ or $b+d+f$ must be odd. WLOG let $a+c+e$ be odd and $a\ge c\ge e \ge 0$ .

Case 1

$a,c,e>0$ . Define Operation A as the sequence of moves from Step 1 to Step 3, shown below: $[asy] size(300); defaultpen(fontsize(9)); label("$d$",expi(0),(0,0)); label("$c$",expi(pi/3),(0,0),red); label("$b$",expi(2*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$a$",expi(pi),(0,0),red); label("$f$",expi(4*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$e$",expi(5*pi/3),(0,0),red); label("Step 1",(0,-2),(0,0)); label("$c-e$",(5,0)+expi(0),(0,0)); label("$c$",(5,0)+expi(pi/3),(0,0),red); label("$a-c$",(5,0)+expi(2*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$a$",(5,0)+expi(pi),(0,0),red); label("$a-e$",(5,0)+expi(4*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$e$",(5,0)+expi(5*pi/3),(0,0),red); label("Step 2",(5,-2),(0,0)); label("$c-e$",(10,0)+expi(0),(0,0)); label("$c$",(10,0)+expi(pi/3),(0,0),red); label("$a-c$",(10,0)+expi(2*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$c-e$",(10,0)+expi(pi),(0,0),red); label("$a-e$",(10,0)+expi(4*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$a-c$",(10,0)+expi(5*pi/3),(0,0),red); label("Step 3",(10,-2),(0,0)); [/asy]$ Notice that Operation A changes the numbers $a,c,e$ to $c-e,c,a-c$ and they are all nonnegative, since $a\ge c\ge e$ . Their sum changes from $a+c+e$ to $a+c-e$ ; it decreases as long as $e\ne 0$ . If we repeat Operation A enough times, its sum will decrease and eventually we will arrive at a point where at least one of the numbers in the positions originally occupied by $a,c,e$ has become a 0.

Case 2

$a,c>0$ and $e=0$ . Define Operation B as the sequence of moves from Step 1 to Step 3, shown below: $[asy] size(300); defaultpen(fontsize(9)); label("$d$",expi(0),(0,0)); label("$c$",expi(pi/3),(0,0),red); label("$b$",expi(2*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$a$",expi(pi),(0,0),red); label("$f$",expi(4*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$0$",expi(5*pi/3),(0,0),red); label("Step 1",(0,-2),(0,0)); label("$c$",(5,0)+expi(0),(0,0)); label("$c$",(5,0)+expi(pi/3),(0,0),red); label("$a-c$",(5,0)+expi(2*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$a$",(5,0)+expi(pi),(0,0),red); label("$a$",(5,0)+expi(4*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$0$",(5,0)+expi(5*pi/3),(0,0),red); label("Step 2",(5,-2),(0,0)); label("$c$",(10,0)+expi(0),(0,0)); label("$\begin{array}{l}2c-a\\ a-2c\end{array}$",(10,0)+expi(pi/3),(0,0),red); label("$a-c$",(10,0)+expi(2*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$c$",(10,0)+expi(pi),(0,0),red); label("$a$",(10,0)+expi(4*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$0$",(10,0)+expi(5*pi/3),(0,0),red); label("Step 3",(10,-2),(0,0)); [/asy]$ where in Step 3, we take the nonnegative choice of $2c-a$ or $a-2c$ . $a,c,0$ is changed to either $c,2c-a,0$ or $c,a-2c,0$ . If we have $c,2c-a,0$ , their sum is $3c-a$ and this is less than $a+c+0$ (the original sum) unless $a=c$ , but $a\ne c$ since the original sum $a+c+0$ is odd by assumption. If we have $c,a-2c,0$ , their sum is $a-c$ , which is less than $a+c$ . Operation B applied repeatedly will cause either $a$ or $c$ to become $0$ .

Case 3

$a>0$ and $c=e=0$ . Define Operation C as the sequence of moves from Step 1 to Step 4, shown below: $[asy] size(400); defaultpen(fontsize(9)); label("$d$",expi(0),(0,0)); label("$0$",expi(pi/3),(0,0),red); label("$b$",expi(2*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$a$",expi(pi),(0,0),red); label("$f$",expi(4*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$0$",expi(5*pi/3),(0,0),red); label("Step 1",(0,-2),(0,0)); label("$0$",(5,0)+expi(0),(0,0)); label("$0$",(5,0)+expi(pi/3),(0,0),red); label("$a$",(5,0)+expi(2*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$a$",(5,0)+expi(pi),(0,0),red); label("$a$",(5,0)+expi(4*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$0$",(5,0)+expi(5*pi/3),(0,0),red); label("Step 2",(5,-2),(0,0)); label("$0$",(10,0)+expi(0),(0,0)); label("$0$",(10,0)+expi(pi/3),(0,0),red); label("$a$",(10,0)+expi(2*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$0$",(10,0)+expi(pi),(0,0),red); label("$a$",(10,0)+expi(4*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$0$",(10,0)+expi(5*pi/3),(0,0),red); label("Step 3",(10,-2),(0,0)); label("$0$",(15,0)+expi(0),(0,0)); label("$0$",(15,0)+expi(pi/3),(0,0),red); label("$0$",(15,0)+expi(2*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$0$",(15,0)+expi(pi),(0,0),red); label("$0$",(15,0)+expi(4*pi/3),(0,0)); label("$0$",(15,0)+expi(5*pi/3),(0,0),red); label("Step 4",(15,-2),(0,0)); [/asy]$

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