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The characteristic polynomial of the matrix \[ \left( \begin{array}{ccc} a & b & c \\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{array} \right)\] is given by the equation \[ f(\lambda) = \left| \begin{array}{ccc} \lambda - a & -b & -c \\ -d & \lambda - e & -f \\ -g & -h & \lambda - i \end{array} \right|.\]