2008 IMO Problems/Problem 5

Problem 5

Let $n$ and $k$ be positive integers with $k \geq n$ and $k - n$ an even number. Let $2n$ lamps labelled $1$ , $2$ , ..., $2n$ be given, each of which can be either on or off. Initially all the lamps are off. We consider sequences of steps: at each step one of the lamps is switched (from on to off or from off to on).

Let $N$ be the number of such sequences consisting of $k$ steps and resulting in the state where lamps $1$ through $n$ are all on, and lamps $n + 1$ through $2n$ are all off.

Let $M$ be number of such sequences consisting of $k$ steps, resulting in the state where lamps $1$ through $n$ are all on, and lamps $n + 1$ through $2n$ are all off, but where none of the lamps $n + 1$ through $2n$ is ever switched on.

Determine $\frac {N}{M}$ .

Solution

For convenience, let $A$ denote the set $(1,2,\ldots n)$ and $B$ the set $(n+1,n+2,\ldots,2n)$ .

We can describe each sequences of switching the lamps as a $k$ -dimensional vector $(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_k)$ , where $a_i \in A \cup B$ signifies which lamp was switched on the $i$ -th move for $i=1,2,\ldots k$ .

Let $\cal{N}$ consist of those sequences that contain each of the numbers in $A$ an odd number of times and each of the numbers in $B$ an even number of times. Similarly, let $\cal{M}$ denote the set of those sequences that contain no numbers from $B$ and each of the numbers in $A$ an odd number of times. By definition, $M=|\cal{M}|$ and $N=|\cal{N}|$ .

Define the mapping $f:\cal{N} \rightarrow \cal{M}$ as

\[f(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_k) = (b_1,b_2,\ldots b_k) : 
b_i = \left\{ \begin{array}{l}
   a_i \textrm{ if }  a_i \in A \\
   a_i-n \textrm{ if } a_i  \in B
\end{array} \right \textrm{for }i=1,2,\ldots,k\] (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg)

What we want to show now is that each element of $\cal{M}$ is an image of exactly $2^{k-n}$ elements from $\cal{N}$ , which would imply $N = 2^{k-n}M$ and solve the problem.

Consider an arbitrary element $y$ of $\cal{M}$ and let $l_i$ be the number of appearances of the number $i$ in $y$ for $i=1,2,\ldots n$ . Now consider the set of pre-images of $y$ , that is $X_y = \{ x | f(x) = y \}$ .

It is easy to see that each element $x\in X_y$ is derived from $y$ by flipping an even number of its $1$ -s, $2$ -s, and so on, where flipping means changing the number $j\in A$ to $j+n\in B$ . Since each such set of flippings results in a unique $x$ , all we want to count is the number of flippings. We can flip exactly $0, 2, 4,\ldots$ of the $1$ -s, so that results in $\binom{l_1}{0} + \binom{l_1}{2}+\binom{l_1}{4}+\cdots = 2^{l_1-1}$ flippings. Combine each of them with the $2^{l_2-1}$ , $2^{l_3-1}$ , etc. ways of flipping the $2$ -s, $3$ -s etc. respectively to get the total number of flippings: $2^{l_1-1}2^{l_2-1}\cdots2^{l_n-1} = 2^{l_1+l_2+\cdots+l_n-n} = 2^{k-n}.$ This shows that $|X_y| = 2^{k-n}$ and the proof is complete.

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2008 IMO Problems/Problem 5

Problem 5

Solution