LaTeX:Symbols
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This article will provide a short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols. AoPS is currently updating its installed LaTeX Packages; some LaTeX expressions may not parse correctly.
Contents
Operators
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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\pm | ![]() |
\mp | ![]() |
\times |
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\div | ![]() |
\cdot | ![]() |
\ast |
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\star | ![]() |
\dagger | ![]() |
\ddagger |
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\amalg | ![]() |
\cap | ![]() |
\cup |
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\uplus | ![]() |
\sqcap | ![]() |
\sqcup |
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\vee | ![]() |
\wedge | ![]() |
\oplus |
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\ominus | ![]() |
\otimes | ![]() |
\circ |
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\bullet | ![]() |
\diamond | ![]() |
\lhd |
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\rhd | ![]() |
\unlhd | ![]() |
\unrhd |
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\oslash | ![]() |
\odot | ![]() |
\bigcirc |
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\triangleleft | ![]() |
\Diamond | ![]() |
\bigtriangleup |
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\bigtriangledown | ![]() |
\Box | ![]() |
\triangleright |
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\setminus | ![]() |
\wr |
Relations
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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\le | ![]() |
\ge | ![]() |
\neq |
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\sim | ![]() |
\ll | ![]() |
\gg |
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\doteq | ![]() |
\simeq | ![]() |
\subset |
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\supset | ![]() |
\approx | ![]() |
\asymp |
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\subseteq | ![]() |
\supseteq | ![]() |
\cong |
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\smile | ![]() |
\sqsubset | ![]() |
\sqsupset |
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\equiv | ![]() |
\frown | ![]() |
\sqsubseteq |
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\sqsupseteq | ![]() |
\propto | ![]() |
\bowtie |
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\in | ![]() |
\ni | ![]() |
\prec |
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\succ | ![]() |
\vdash | ![]() |
\dashv |
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\preceq | ![]() |
\succeq | ![]() |
\models |
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\perp | ![]() |
\parallel | ![]() |
\| |
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\mid |
Negations of many of these relations can be formed by just putting \not before the symbol, or by slipping an n between the \ and the word. Here are a few examples, plus a few other negations; it works for many of the others as well.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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\nmid | ![]() |
\nleq | ![]() |
\ngeq |
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\nsim | ![]() |
\ncong | ![]() |
\nparallel |
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\not< | ![]() |
\not> | ![]() |
\not= |
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\not\le | ![]() |
\not\ge | ![]() |
\not\sim |
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\not\approx | ![]() |
\not\cong | ![]() |
\not\equiv |
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\not\parallel | ![]() |
\nless | ![]() |
\ngtr |
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\lneq | ![]() |
\gneq | ![]() |
\lnsim |
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\lneqq | ![]() |
\gneqq |
Greek Letters
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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\alpha | ![]() |
\beta | ![]() |
\gamma | ![]() |
\delta |
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\epsilon | ![]() |
\varepsilon | ![]() |
\zeta | ![]() |
\eta |
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\theta | ![]() |
\vartheta | ![]() |
\iota | ![]() |
\kappa |
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\lambda | ![]() |
\mu | ![]() |
\nu | ![]() |
\xi |
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\pi | ![]() |
\varpi | ![]() |
\rho | ![]() |
\varrho |
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\sigma | ![]() |
\varsigma | ![]() |
\tau | ![]() |
\upsilon |
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\phi | ![]() |
\varphi | ![]() |
\chi | ![]() |
\psi |
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\omega |
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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\Gamma | ![]() |
\Delta | ![]() |
\Theta | ![]() |
\Lambda |
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\Xi | ![]() |
\Pi | ![]() |
\Sigma | ![]() |
\Upsilon |
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\Phi | ![]() |
\Psi |
Arrows
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|
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\gets | ![]() |
\to |
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\leftarrow | ![]() |
\Leftarrow |
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\rightarrow | ![]() |
\Rightarrow |
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\leftrightarrow | ![]() |
\Leftrightarrow |
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\mapsto | ![]() |
\hookleftarrow |
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\leftharpoonup | ![]() |
\leftharpoondown |
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\rightleftharpoons | ![]() |
\longleftarrow |
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\Longleftarrow | ![]() |
\longrightarrow |
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\Longrightarrow | ![]() |
\longleftrightarrow |
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\Longleftrightarrow | ![]() |
\longmapsto |
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\hookrightarrow | ![]() |
\rightharpoonup |
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\rightharpoondown | ![]() |
\leadsto |
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\uparrow | ![]() |
\Uparrow |
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\downarrow | ![]() |
\Downarrow |
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\updownarrow | ![]() |
\Updownarrow |
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\nearrow | ![]() |
\searrow |
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\swarrow | ![]() |
\nwarrow |
Dots
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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\ldots 2 | ![]() |
\vdots | ![]() |
\cdots 2 | ![]() |
\ddots |
(The '2's after \ldots and \cdots are only present to make the distinction between the two clear.)
Accents
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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\hat{x} | ![]() |
\check{x} | ![]() |
\dot{x} |
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\breve{x} | ![]() |
\acute{x} | ![]() |
\ddot{x} |
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\grave{x} | ![]() |
\tilde{x} | ![]() |
\mathring{x} |
\![]() |
\bar{x} | ![]() |
\vec{x} |
When applying accents to i and j, you can use \imath and \jmath to keep the dots from interfering with the accents:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|
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\vec{\jmath} | ![]() |
\tilde{\imath} |
\tilde and \hat have wide versions that allow you to accent an expression:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|
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\widehat{3+x} | ![]() |
\widetilde{abc} |
Others
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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\infty | ![]() |
\triangle | ![]() |
\angle |
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\aleph | ![]() |
\hbar | ![]() |
\imath |
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\jmath | ![]() |
\ell | ![]() |
\wp |
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\Re | ![]() |
\Im | ![]() |
\mho |
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\prime | ![]() |
\emptyset | ![]() |
\nabla |
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\surd | ![]() |
\partial | ![]() |
\top |
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\bot | ![]() |
\vdash | ![]() |
\dashv |
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\forall | ![]() |
\exists | ![]() |
\neg |
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\flat | ![]() |
\natural | ![]() |
\sharp |
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\backslash | ![]() |
\Box | ![]() |
\Diamond |
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\clubsuit | ![]() |
\diamondsuit | ![]() |
\heartsuit |
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\spadesuit | ![]() |
\Join | ![]() |
\blacksquare |
Bracketing Symbols
In mathematics, sometimes we need to enclose expressions in brackets or braces or parentheses. Some of these work just as you'd imagine in LaTeX; type ( and ) for parentheses, [ and ] for brackets, and | and | for absolute value. However, other symbols have special commands:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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\{ | ![]() |
\} | ![]() |
\| |
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\backslash | ![]() |
\lfloor | ![]() |
\rfloor |
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\lceil | ![]() |
\rceil | ![]() |
\langle |
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\rangle |
You might notice that if you use any of these to typeset an expression that is vertically large, like
\displaystyle (1 + \frac{a}{x} )^2
the parentheses don't come out the right size:
If we put \left and \right before the relevant parentheses, we get a prettier expression:
\displaystyle \left(1 + \frac{a}{x} \right)^2
gives
\left and \right can also be used to resize the following symbols:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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\uparrow | ![]() |
\downarrow | ![]() |
\updownarrow |
![]() |
\Uparrow | ![]() |
\Downarrow | ![]() |
\Updownarrow |
Multi-Size Symbols
Some symbols render differently in regular math mode and in display mode (display mode occurs when you use \displaystyle, $$...$$, or \[...\]). Read more in the commands section of the guide about how symbols which take arguments above and below the symbols, such as a summation symbol, behave in the two modes.
In each of the following, the two images show the symbol in regular mode, then in display mode.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
\sum | ![]() |
\int | ![]() |
\oint |
![]() |
\prod | ![]() |
\coprod | ![]() |
\bigcap |
![]() |
\bigcup | ![]() |
\bigsqcup | ![]() |
\bigvee |
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\bigwedge | ![]() |
\bigodot | ![]() |
\bigotimes |
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\bigoplus | ![]() |
\biguplus |
(The two integral symbols render fine in a full LaTeX document .)
Examples
- x^y is the same as x^{y}.
- x_y is the same as x_{y}.
- BUT x^10 is not the same as x^{10}.
instead of
.