2021 AIME I Problems/Problem 13

Problem

Circles $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ with radii $961$ and $625$ , respectively, intersect at distinct points $A$ and $B$ . A third circle $\omega$ is externally tangent to both $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ . Suppose line $AB$ intersects $\omega$ at two points $P$ and $Q$ such that the measure of minor arc $\widehat{PQ}$ is $120^{\circ}$ . Find the distance between the centers of $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ .

Solution 1

Let $O_i$ and $r_i$ be the center and radius of $\omega_i$ , and let $O$ and $r$ be the center and radius of $\omega$ .

Since $\overline{AB}$ extends to an arc with arc $120^\circ$ , the distance from $O$ to $\overline{AB}$ is $r/2$ . Let $X=\overline{AB}\cap \overline{O_1O_2}$ . Consider $\triangle OO_1O_2$ . The line $\overline{AB}$ is perpendicular to $\overline{O_1O_2}$ and passes through $X$ . Let $H$ be the foot from $O$ to $\overline{O_1O_2}$ ; so $HX=r/2$ . We have by tangency $OO_1=r+r_1$ and $OO_2=r+r_2$ . Let $O_1O_2=d$ . $[asy] unitsize(3cm); pointpen=black; pointfontpen=fontsize(9); pair A=dir(110), B=dir(230), C=dir(310); DPA(A--B--C--A); pair H = foot(A, B, C); draw(A--H); pair X = 0.3*B + 0.7*C; pair Y = A+X-H; draw(X--1.3*Y-0.3*X); draw(A--Y, dotted); pair R1 = 1.3*X-0.3*Y; pair R2 = 0.7*X+0.3*Y; draw(R1--X); D("O",A,dir(A)); D("O_1",B,dir(B)); D("O_2",C,dir(C)); D("H",H,dir(270)); D("X",X,dir(225)); D("A",R1,dir(180)); D("B",R2,dir(180)); draw(rightanglemark(Y,X,C,3)); [/asy]$ Since $X$ is on the radical axis of $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ , it has equal power with respect to both circles, so $O_1X^2 - r_1^2 = O_2X^2-r_2^2 \implies O_1X-O_2X = \frac{r_1^2-r_2^2}{d}$ since $O_1X+O_2X=d$ . Now we can solve for $O_1X$ and $O_2X$ , and in particular, $\begin{align*} O_1H &= O_1X - HX = \frac{d+\frac{r_1^2-r_2^2}{d}}{2} - \frac{r}{2} \\ O_2H &= O_2X + HX = \frac{d-\frac{r_1^2-r_2^2}{d}}{2} + \frac{r}{2}. \end{align*}$ We want to solve for $d$ . By the Pythagorean Theorem (twice): $\begin{align*} &\qquad -OH^2 = O_2H^2 - (r+r_2)^2 = O_1H^2 - (r+r_1)^2 \\ &\implies \left(d+r-\tfrac{r_1^2-r_2^2}{d}\right)^2 - 4(r+r_2)^2 = \left(d-r+\tfrac{r_1^2-r_2^2}{d}\right)^2 - 4(r+r_1)^2 \\ &\implies 2dr - 2(r_1^2-r_2)^2-8rr_2-4r_2^2 = -2dr+2(r_1^2-r_2^2)-8rr_1-4r_1^2 \\ &\implies 4dr = 8rr_2-8rr_1 \\ &\implies d=2r_2-2r_1 \end{align*}$ Therefore, $d=2(r_2-r_1) = 2(961-625)=\boxed{672}$ .

Solution 2

Denote by $O_1$ , $O_2$ , and $O$ the centers of $\omega_1$ , $\omega_2$ , and $\omega$ , respectively. Let $R_1 = 961$ and $R_2 = 625$ denote the radii of $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ respectively, $r$ be the radius of $\omega$ , and $\ell$ the distance from $O$ to the line $AB$ . We claim that $\dfrac{\ell}{r} = \dfrac{R_2-R_1}{d},$ where $d = O_1O_2$ . This solves the problem, for then the $\widehat{PQ} = 120^\circ$ condition implies $\tfrac{\ell}r = \cos 60^\circ = \tfrac{1}{2}$ , and then we can solve to get $d = \boxed{672}$ . $[asy] import olympiad; size(230pt); defaultpen(linewidth(0.8)+fontsize(10pt)); real r1 = 17, r2 = 27, d = 35, r = 18; pair O1 = origin, O2 = (d,0); path w1 = circle(origin,r1), w2 = circle((d,0),r2), w1p = circle(origin,r1+r), w2p = circle((d,0), r2 + r); pair[] X = intersectionpoints(w1,w2), Y = intersectionpoints(w1p,w2p); pair O = Y[1]; path w = circle(Y[1],r); pair Xp = 5 * X[1] - 4 * X[0]; pair[] P = intersectionpoints(Xp--X[0],w); label("$O_1$",origin,N); label("$O_2$",(d,0),N); label("$O$",Y[1],SW); draw(origin--Y[1]--(d,0)--cycle,gray(0.6)); pair T = foot(O,O1,O2), Tp = foot(O,X[0],X[1]); draw(Tp--O--T^^rightanglemark(O,T,O1,60)^^rightanglemark(O,Tp,X[0],60),gray(0.6)); draw(w^^w1^^w2^^P[0]--X[0]); dot(Y[1]^^origin^^(d,0)); label("$X$",T,N,gray(0.6)); label("$Y$",foot(X[0],O1,O2),NE,gray(0.6)); label("$\ell$",(O+Tp)/2,S,gray(0.6)); [/asy]$

Denote by $O_1$ and $O_2$ the centers of $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ respectively. Set $X$ as the projection of $O$ onto $O_1O_2$ , and denote by $Y$ the intersection of $AB$ with $O_1O_2$ . Note that $\ell = XY$ . Now recall that $d(O_2Y-O_1Y) = O_2Y^2 - O_1Y^2 = R_2^2 - R_1^2.$ Furthermore, note that $\begin{align*}d(O_2X - O_1X) &= O_2X^2 - O_1X^2= O_2O^2 - O_1O^2 \\ &= (R_2 + r)^2 - (R_1+r)^2 = (R_2^2 - R_1^2) + 2r(R_2 - R_1).\end{align*}$ Substituting the first equality into the second one and subtracting yields $2r(R_2 - R_1) = d(O_2X - O_1X) - d(O_2Y - O_1Y) = 2dXY,$ which rearranges to the desired.

Solution 3 (Inversion)

WLOG assume $\omega$ is a line. Note the angle condition is equivalent to the angle between $AB$ and $\omega$ being $60^\circ$ . We claim the angle between $AB$ and $\omega$ is fixed as $\omega$ varies.

Proof: Perform an inversion at $A$ , sending $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ to two lines $\ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ intersecting at $B'$ . Then $\omega$ is sent to a circle tangent to lines $\ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ , which clearly intersects $AB'$ at a fixed angle. Therefore the angle between $AB$ and $\omega$ is fixed as $\omega$ varies.

Now simply take $\omega$ to be a line. If $\omega$ intersects $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ and $X,Y$ , respectively, and the circles' centers are $O_1$ and $O_2$ , then the projection of $O_2$ to $O_1X$ at $F$ gives that $O_2FO_1$ is a $30\text{-}60\text{-}90$ triangle. Therefore, $O_1O_2=2O_1F=2(O_1X-O_2Y)=2(961-625)=\boxed{672}.$

~spartacle

Solution 4 (Radical Axis, Harmonic Quadrilaterals, and Similar Triangles)

Suppose we label the points as shown here. By radical axis, the tangents to $\omega$ at $D$ and $E$ intersect on $AB$ . Thus $PDQE$ is harmonic, so the tangents to $\omega$ at $P$ and $Q$ intersect at $X \in DE$ . Moreover, $OX \parallel O_1O_2$ because both $OX$ and $O_1O_2$ are perpendicular to $AB$ , and $OX = 2OP$ because $\angle POQ = 120^{\circ}$ . Thus $O_1O_2 = O_1Y - O_2Y = 2 \cdot 961 - 2\cdot 625 = \boxed{672}$ by similar triangles.

~mathman3880

Solution 5 (Olympiad Geometry)

Let $O_i$ be the center of $\omega_i$ and $r_i$ the radius of $\omega_i$ for $i\in\{1,2\}$ . Let $O_1O_2=x$ and $\omega$ have radius $r$ . Let $O$ be the center of $\omega$ . Then, the distance between $O$ and the radical axis of $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ is $\frac 12 r$ . It is well-known that the function $f(\bullet)=\mbox{Pow}_{\omega_1}(\bullet)-\mbox{Pow}_{\omega_2}(\bullet)$ is linear (see here) and that to compute it, it suffices to project $\bullet$ onto line $O_1O_2$ . Moreover, $f(O_2)-f(O_1)=x^2+x^2=2x^2$ . Hence, we have $2r[r_1-r_2]=r[r+2r_1]-r[r+2r_2]=f(O)=\pm \frac 12 r\cdot 2x^2\cdot \frac 1x = \pm xr.$ Cancel out $r$ to yield $x=\pm 2[r_1-r_2] = \pm 672,$ so the answer is $\boxed{672}$ .

~GeronimoStilton

Video Solution

Who wanted to see animated video solutions can see this. I found this really helpful.

https://youtu.be/YtZ8_7i833E

P.S: This video is not made by me. And solution is same like below solutions.

≈@rounak138

2021 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 12	Followed by Problem 14
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
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