2023 AIME I Problems/Problem 5

Problem (not official; when the official problem statement comes out, please update this page; to ensure credibility until the official problem statement comes out, please add an O if you believe this is correct and add an X if you believe this is incorrect):

Let there be a circle circumscribing a square ABCD, and let P be a point on the circle. PA*PC = 56, PB*PD = 90. What is the area of the square?

Solution (Ptolemy's Theorem)

Ptolemy's theorem states that for cyclic quadrilateral $WXYZ$ , $WX\cdot YZ + XY\cdot WZ = WY\cdot XZ$ .

We may assume that $P$ is between $B$ and $C$ . Let $PA = a$ , $PB = b$ , $PC = C$ , $PD = d$ , and $AB = s$ . We have $a^2 + c^2 = AC^2 = 2s^2$ , because $AC$ is a diameter of the circle. Similarly, $b^2 + d^2 = 2s^2$ . Therefore, $(a+c)^2 = a^2 + c^2 + 2ac = 2s^2 + 2(56) = 2s^2 + 112$ . Similarly, $(b+d)^2 = 2s^2 + 180$ .

By Ptolemy's Theorem on $PCDA$ , $as + cs = ds\sqrt{2}$ , and therefore $a + c = d\sqrt{2}$ . By Ptolemy's on $PBAD$ , $bs + ds = as\sqrt{2}$ , and therefore $b + d = a\sqrt{2}$ . By squaring both equations, we obtain

$2d^2 = (a+c)^2 = 2s^2 + 112$ $2a^2 = (b+d)^2 = 2s^2 + 180.$

Thus, $a^2 = s^2 + 90$ , and $d^2 = s^2 + 56$ . Plugging these values into $a^2 + c^2 = b^2 + d^2 = 2s^2$ , we obtain $c^2 = s^2 - 90$ , and $b^2 = s^2 - 56$ . Now, we can solve using $a$ and $c$ (though using $b$ and $d$ yields the same solution for $s$ ).

$(\sqrt{s^2 + 90})(\sqrt{s^2 - 90}) = ac = 56$ $(s^2 + 90)(s^2 - 90) = 56^2$ $s^4 = 90^2 + 56^2 = 106^2$ $s^2 = 106.$

The answer is $\boxed{106}$ .

~mathboy100

Solution 2 (Trigonometry)

Drop a height from point $P$ to line $\overline{AC}$ and line $\overline{BC}$ . Call these two points to be X and Y, respectively. Notice that the intersection of the diagonals of square ABCD meets at a right angle at the center of the circumcircle, call this intersection point O.

Since OXPY is a rectangle, OX is the distance from P to line BD. We know that tan(YOX) = PX/XO = 28/45 by triangle area and given information. Then, notice that the measure of angle OCP is half of the angle of angle XOY.

Using the half-angle formula for tangent,

$\begin{align*} \frac{(2*\tan{\angle{OCP}})}{(1-\tan{\angle{OCP}}^2)} = \tan{\angle{YOX}} = \frac{28}{45} \\ 14\tan{\angle{OCP}}^2 + 45\tan{\angle{OCP}} - 14 = 0 \end{align*}$

we get that $\tan{\angle{OCP}} = -7/2$ or $2/7$ . Since this value must be positive, we pick 2/7. Then, PA/PC = 2/7 (since triangle CAP is a right triangle with AC also the diameter of the circumcircle) and PA * PC = 56. Solving we get PA = 4, PC = 14, giving us a diagonal of length $\sqrt{212}$ and area $\boxed{106}$ .

~Danielzh

Solution 3 (Analytic geometry)

Denote by $x$ the half length of each side of the square. We put the square to the coordinate plane, with $A = \left( x, x \right)$ , $B = \left( - x , x \right)$ , $C = \left( - x , - x \right)$ , $D = \left( x , - x \right)$ .

The radius of the circumcircle of $ABCD$ is $\sqrt{2} x$ . Denote by $\theta$ the argument of point $P$ on the circle. Thus, the coordinates of $P$ are $P = \left( \sqrt{2} x \cos \theta , \sqrt{2} x \sin \theta \right)$ .

Thus, the equations $PA \cdot PC = 56$ and $PB \cdot PD = 90$ can be written as $\begin{align*} \sqrt{\left( \sqrt{2} x \cos \theta - x \right)^2 + \left( \sqrt{2} x \sin \theta - x \right)^2} \cdot \sqrt{\left( \sqrt{2} x \cos \theta + x \right)^2 + \left( \sqrt{2} x \sin \theta + x \right)^2} & = 56 \\ \sqrt{\left( \sqrt{2} x \cos \theta + x \right)^2 + \left( \sqrt{2} x \sin \theta - x \right)^2} \cdot \sqrt{\left( \sqrt{2} x \cos \theta - x \right)^2 + \left( \sqrt{2} x \sin \theta + x \right)^2} & = 90 \end{align*}$

These equations can be reformulated as $\begin{align*} x^4 \left( 4 - 2 \sqrt{2} \left( \cos \theta + \sin \theta \right) \right) \left( 4 + 2 \sqrt{2} \left( \cos \theta + \sin \theta \right) \right) & = 56^2 \\ x^4 \left( 4 + 2 \sqrt{2} \left( \cos \theta - \sin \theta \right) \right) \left( 4 - 2 \sqrt{2} \left( \cos \theta - \sin \theta \right) \right) & = 90^2 \end{align*}$

These equations can be reformulated as $\begin{align*} 2 x^4 \left( 1 - 2 \cos \theta \sin \theta \right) & = 28^2 \hspace{1cm} (1) \\ 2 x^4 \left( 1 + 2 \cos \theta \sin \theta \right) & = 45^2 \hspace{1cm} (2) \end{align*}$

Taking $\frac{(1)}{(2)}$ , by solving the equation, we get $2 \cos \theta \sin \theta = \frac{45^2 - 28^2}{45^2 + 28^2} . \hspace{1cm} (3)$

Plugging (3) into (1), we get $\begin{align*} {\rm Area} \ ABCD & = \left( 2 x \right)^2 \\ & = 4 \sqrt{\frac{28^2}{2 \left( 1 - 2 \cos \theta \sin \theta \right)}} \\ & = 2 \sqrt{45^2 + 28^2} \\ & = 2 \cdot 53 \\ & = \boxed{\textbf{(106) }} . \end{align*}$

Solution 4 (Law of Cosines)

WLOG, let $P$ be on minor arc $\overarc {AB}$ . Let $r$ and $O$ be the radius and center of the circumcircle respectively, and let $\theta = \angle AOP$ .

By the Pythagorean Theorem, the area of the square is $2r^2$ . We can use the Law of Cosines on isosceles triangles $\triangle AOP, \, \triangle COP, \, \triangle BOP, \, \triangle DOP$ to get

$\begin{align*} PA^2 &= 2r^2(1 - \cos \theta), \\ PC^2 &= 2r^2(1 - \cos (180 - \theta)) = 2r^2(1 + \cos \theta), \\ PB^2 &= 2r^2(1 - \cos (90 - \theta)) = 2r^2(1 - \sin \theta), \\ PD^2 &= 2r^2(1 - \cos (90 + \theta)) = 2r^2(1 + \sin \theta). \end{align*}$

Taking the products of the first two and last two equations, respectively, $56^2 = (PA \cdot PC)^2 = 4r^4(1 - \cos \theta)(1 + \cos \theta) = 4r^4(1 - \cos^2 \theta) = 4r^4 \sin^2 \theta,$ and $90^2 = (PB \cdot PD)^2 = 4r^4(1 - \sin \theta)(1 + \sin \theta) = 4r^4(1 - \sin^2 \theta) = 4r^4 \cos^2 \theta.$ Adding these equations, $56^2 + 90^2 = 4r^4,$ so $2r^2 = \sqrt{56^2+90^2} = 2\sqrt{28^2+45^2} = 2\sqrt{2809} = 2 \cdot 53 = \boxed{106}.$ ~OrangeQuail9

Solution 5

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