2023 AIME II Problems/Problem 15
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[hide]Problem
For each positive integer let be the least positive integer multiple of such that Find the number of positive integers less than or equal to that satisfy
Solution
Denote . Thus, for each , we need to find smallest positive integer , such that
Thus, we need to find smallest , such that
Now, we find the smallest , such that . We must have . That is, . We find .
Therefore, for each , we need to find smallest , such that
We have the following results: \begin{itemize} \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \item If , then and . \end{itemize}
Therefore, in each cycle, , we have , , , , such that . That is, . At the boundary of two consecutive cycles, .
We have . Therefore, the number of feasible is .
~Steven Chen (Professor Chen Education Palace, www.professorchenedu.com)
Solution 2
Observe that if is divisible by , . If not, .
This encourages us to let . Rewriting the above equations, we have Now, we start listing. We know that , so , , , , , , , , , , . Hence the sequence is periodic with period 11. Note that if and only if , i.e. is even. This occurrs when is congruent to 0, 3, 4 or 6 mod 11.
From 1 to , there are values of . Since satisfies the criteria, we subtract 1 to get , and we're done!
Solution 3 (Binary Interpretation, Computer Scientists' Playground)
We first check that hence we are always seeking a unique modular inverse of , , such that .
Now that we know that is unique, we proceed to recast this problem in binary. This is convenient because is simply the last -bits of in binary, and if , it means that of the last bits of , only the rightmost bit (henceforth th bit) is .
Also, multiplication in binary can be thought of as adding shifted copies of the multiplicand. For example:
Now note , and recall that our objective is to progressively zero out the leftmost bits of except for the th bit.
Write , we note that uniquely defines the th bit of , and once we determine , uniquely determines the st bit of , so on and so forth.
For example, satisfies Next, we note that the second bit of is , so we must also have in order to zero it out, giving
happens precisely when . In fact we can see this in action by working out . Note that has 1 on the nd bit, so we must choose . This gives
Note that since the rd and th bit are , , and this gives .
It may seem that this process will take forever, but note that has bits behind the leading digit, and in the worst case, the leading digits of will have a cycle length of at most . In fact, we find that the cycle length is , and in the process found that , , and .
Since we have complete cycles of length , and the last partial cycle yields and , we have a total of values of such that
~ cocoa @ https://www.corgillogical.com
See also
2023 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 14 |
Followed by Last Problem | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
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