User:DVO

Personal info

Name: Daniel O'Connor

(full name: Daniel Verity O'Connor)

Location: Los Angeles

Contributions

Created Chain Rule article
Created Fundamental Theorem of Calculus article

Random Math Problem

Suppose you have a fair six-sided die and you're going to roll the die again and again indefinitely. What's the expected number of rolls until a $1$ comes up on the die?

The probability that it will take one roll is $\frac{1}{6}$ .

The probability that it will take two rolls is $\left(\frac56 \right)\left(\frac16 \right)$ .

The probability that it will take three rolls is $\left(\frac56 \right)^2 \left(\frac16 \right)$ .

The probability that it will take four rolls is $\left(\frac56 \right)^3 \left(\frac16 \right)$ .

And so on.

So, the expected number of rolls that it will take to get a $1$ is:

$1\cdot \frac{1}{6} + 2\cdot \left(\frac56 \right)\left(\frac16 \right) + 3\cdot \left(\frac56 \right)^2 \left(\frac16 \right) + 4 \cdot \left(\frac56 \right)^3 \left(\frac16 \right) + \cdots$ .

What's the sum of this infinite series? It looks kind of like an infinite geometric series, but not exactly. Factoring out a $\frac16$ makes it look a bit more like an infinite geometric series:

$\left(\frac16 \right) \left(1 + 2\cdot \left(\frac56 \right) + 3\cdot \left(\frac56 \right)^2 + 4 \cdot \left(\frac56 \right)^3 + \cdots \right)$

This is similar to a geometric series, which we know how to sum. But we have those annoying factors of $2$ , $3$ , $4$ , etc. to worry about. Maybe we could play around with the formula for a geometric series to get a formula for this series. The formula for a geometric series is:

$1 + r + r^2 + r^3 + r^4 + \cdots = \frac{1}{1-r}$ .

Differentiating both sides of this with respect to $r$ , we find:

$1 + 2r + 3r^2 + 4r^3 + \cdots = -(1-r)^{-2}(-1) = \frac{1}{(1-r)^2}$ .

So, we find that

$\left(\frac16 \right) \left(1 + 2\cdot \left(\frac56 \right) + 3\cdot \left(\frac56 \right)^2 + 4 \cdot \left(\frac56 \right)^3 + \cdots \right) = \frac16 \frac{1}{(1-\frac56)^2} = \frac16 (36) = 6$ .

Which seems like a very reasonable answer, given that the die has six sides.

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User:DVO

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Random Math Problem