2013 IMO Problems/Problem 2
Problem
A configuration of 
points in the plane is called Colombian if it consists of 
red points and 
blue points, and no three of the points of the configuration are collinear. By drawing some lines, the plane is divided into several regions. An arrangement of lines is good for a Colombian
configuration if the following two conditions are satisfied:
- no line passes through any point of the configuration;
- no region contains points of both colours.
Find the least value of 
such that for any Colombian configuration of points, there is a good
arrangement of lines.
Solution
HI GRACE XIONG!!!!!!!!
Tip: don't overthink this one.
We can start off by imagining the points in their worst configuration. With some trials, we find 2013 lines to be the answer to the worst cases. We can assume the answer is 2013. We will now prove it.
We will prove that the minimum number of lines required for a "good" arrangement for a configuration consisting of u red points and v blue points, where u is even and v is odd and u - v = 1, is v.
Notice that the condition "no three points are co-linear" implies the following: No blue point will get in the way of the line between two red points and vice versa. What this means, is that for any two points A and B of the same color, we can draw two lines parallel to, and on different sides of the line AB, to form a region with only the points A and B in it.
Now consider a configuration consisting of u red points and v blue ones (u is even, v is odd, u>v). Let the set of points S = {A1, A2, ... Ak} be the out-most points of the configuration, such that you could form a convex k-gon, A1A2A3...Ak, that has all of the other points within it.
If the set S has at least one blue point, there can be a line that separates the plane into two regions: one only consisting of only a blue point, and one consisting of the rest. For the rest of the blue points, we can draw parallel lines as mentioned before to split them from the red points. We end up with v lines.
If the set S has no blue points, there can be a line that divides the plane into two regions: one consisting of two red points, and one consisting of the rest. For the rest of the red points, we can draw parallel lines as mentioned before to split them from the blue points. We end up with u-1 = v lines.
Our proof is done, and we have our final answer: 2013.
