2017 USAMO Problems/Problem 1

Problem

Prove that there are infinitely many distinct pairs $(a,b)$ of relatively prime positive integers $a>1$ and $b>1$ such that $a^b+b^a$ is divisible by $a+b$ .

Solution

Let $n=a+b$ . Since $gcd(a,b)=1$ , we know $gcd(a,n)=1$ . We can rewrite the condition as

$a^{n-a}+(n-a)^a \equiv 0 \mod{n}$ $a^{n-a}\equiv-(-a)^a \mod{n}$ Assume $a$ is odd. Since we need to prove an infinite number of pairs exist, it suffices to show that infinitely many pairs with $a$ odd exist.

Then we have $a^{n-a}\equiv a^a \mod{n}$ $1 \equiv a^{2a-n} \mod{n}$

We know by Euler's theorem that $a^{\varphi(n)} \equiv 1 \mod{n}$ , so if $2a-n=\varphi(n)$ we will have the required condition.

This means $a=\frac{n+\varphi(n)}{2}$ . Let $n=2p$ where $p$ is a prime, $p\equiv 1\mod{4}$ . Then $\varphi(n) = 2p*\left(1-\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(1-\frac{1}{p}\right) = p-1$ , so $a = \frac{2p+p-1}{2} = \frac{3p-1}{2}$ Note the condition that $p\equiv 1\mod{4}$ guarantees that $a$ is odd, since $3p-1 \equiv 2\mod{4}$

This makes $b = \frac{p+1}{2}$ . Now we need to show that $a$ and $b$ are relatively prime. If $a$ and $b$ have a common factor $k$ , then we know $k|a+b=2p$ . Therefore $k=1,2,p,$ or $2p$ . We know $b=\frac{p+1}{2}<p$ , so $p \nmid b$ and $2p\nmid b$ . We also know $a$ is odd, so $2\nmid a$ . This means the only common factor $a$ and $b$ have is $1$ , so $a$ and $b$ are relatively prime.

Therefore, for all primes $p \equiv 1\mod{4}$ , the pair $\left(\frac{3p-1}{2},\frac{p+1}{2}\right)$ satisfies the criteria, so infinitely many such pairs exist.

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2017 USAMO Problems/Problem 1

Problem

Solution