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Difference between revisions of "2003 USAMO Problems/Problem 4"

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m (→‎Solution 2)
 
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Extend segment <math>DM</math> through <math>M</math> to <math>G</math> such that <math>FG\parallel CD</math>.
 
Extend segment <math>DM</math> through <math>M</math> to <math>G</math> such that <math>FG\parallel CD</math>.
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<asy>
−
<center>[[File:2003usamo4-1.png]]</center>
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defaultpen(fontsize(10)+0.6); size(250);
−
 
+
var theta=22, r=0.58;
 +
pair B=origin, A=dir(theta), C=A+(rotate(78)*0.8*A), O=IP(CR(B,r),CR(A,r));
 +
path c=CR(O,r);
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pair D=IP(c,A--C), E=IP(c,B--C), F=extension(A,B,D,E), M=extension(B,D,C,F), G=extension(D,M,F,F+C-D);
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draw(A--B--C--A^^E--F--C^^A--F^^B--M^^E--M); draw(c); draw(F--G--C^^M--G,gray+0.4);
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dot("$A$",A,dir(F-E)); dot("$B$",B,2*dir(B-A)); dot("$C$",C,1.5*dir(C-A)); dot("$D$",D,2.5*dir(250)); dot("$E$",E,2.5*dir(C-A)); dot("$F$",F,dir(F-E)); dot("$M$",M,2.5*dir(255)); dot("$G$",G,dir(G-M));
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</asy>
 
Then <math>MF = MC</math> if and only if quadrilateral <math>CDFG</math> is a parallelogram, or, <math>FD\parallel CG</math>. Hence <math>MC = MF</math> if and only if <math>\angle GCD = \angle FDA</math>, that is, <math>\angle FDA + \angle CGF = 180^\circ</math>.
 
Then <math>MF = MC</math> if and only if quadrilateral <math>CDFG</math> is a parallelogram, or, <math>FD\parallel CG</math>. Hence <math>MC = MF</math> if and only if <math>\angle GCD = \angle FDA</math>, that is, <math>\angle FDA + \angle CGF = 180^\circ</math>.
  
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=== Solution 2 ===
 
=== Solution 2 ===
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We first assume that <math>MB\cdot MD = MC^2</math>. Because <math>\frac{MC}{MD} = \frac{MB}{MC}</math> and <math>\angle CMD = \angle BMC</math>, triangles <math>CMD</math> and <math>BMC</math> are similar. Consequently, <math>\angle MCD = \angle MBC</math>. This exact condition can also be visualized through power of M with respect to the circumcircle of triangle <math>BDC</math> and getting the angle condition from the tangent cord theorem.
+
We first assume that <math>MB\cdot MD = MC^2</math>. Because <math>\frac{MC}{MD} = \frac{MB}{MC}</math> and <math>\angle CMD = \angle BMC</math>, triangles <math>CMD</math> and <math>BMC</math> are similar. Consequently, <math>\angle MCD = \angle MBC</math>. This exact condition can also be visualized through power of M with respect to the circumcircle of triangle <math>BDC</math> and getting the angle condition from the alternate segment theorem.
−
 
+
<asy>
−
 
+
defaultpen(fontsize(10)+0.6); size(250);
−
<center>[[File:2003usamo4-2.png]]</center>
+
var theta=22, r=0.58;
−
 
+
pair B=origin, A=dir(theta), C=A+(rotate(78)*0.8*A), O=IP(CR(B,r),CR(A,r));
 +
path c=CR(O,r);
 +
pair D=IP(c,A--C), E=IP(c,B--C), F=extension(A,B,D,E), M=extension(B,D,C,F), G=extension(D,M,F,F+C-D);
 +
draw(A--B--C--A^^E--F--C^^A--F^^B--M^^E--M); draw(c); draw(A--E,gray+0.4);
 +
dot("$A$",A,dir(F-E)); dot("$B$",B,2*dir(B-A)); dot("$C$",C,1.5*dir(C-A)); dot("$D$",D,2.5*dir(250)); dot("$E$",E,2.5*dir(C-A)); dot("$F$",F,dir(F-E)); dot("$M$",M,2.5*dir(255));
 +
</asy>
 
Because quadrilateral <math>ABED</math> is cyclic, <math>\angle DAE = \angle DBE</math>. Hence
 
Because quadrilateral <math>ABED</math> is cyclic, <math>\angle DAE = \angle DBE</math>. Hence
 
<cmath>\angle FCA = \angle MCD = \angle MBC = \angle DBE = \angle DAE = \angle CAE,</cmath>
 
<cmath>\angle FCA = \angle MCD = \angle MBC = \angle DBE = \angle DAE = \angle CAE,</cmath>
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=== Solution 3 ===
 
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We will construct a series of equivalent statements. First:
 
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<cmath>\begin{align}
 
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MB\cdot MD = MC^2 &\equiv \frac{MB}{MC} = \frac{MC}{MD} \\
 
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&\equiv \triangle MCD\sim \triangle MBC \\
 
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&\equiv \angle CBA = \angle FCA
 
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\end{align}</cmath>
 
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where the second equivalence follows from SAS similarity (because <math>\angle CMD = \angle BMC</math>).
 
  
 
{{alternate solutions}}
 
{{alternate solutions}}

Latest revision as of 02:39, 10 January 2023

Problem

Let $ABC$ be a triangle. A circle passing through $A$ and $B$ intersects segments $AC$ and $BC$ at $D$ and $E$, respectively. Lines $AB$ and $DE$ intersect at $F$, while lines $BD$ and $CF$ intersect at $M$. Prove that $MF = MC$ if and only if $MB\cdot MD = MC^2$.

Solutions

Solution 1

Extend segment $DM$ through $M$ to $G$ such that $FG\parallel CD$. [asy] defaultpen(fontsize(10)+0.6); size(250); var theta=22, r=0.58; pair B=origin, A=dir(theta), C=A+(rotate(78)*0.8*A), O=IP(CR(B,r),CR(A,r)); path c=CR(O,r); pair D=IP(c,A--C), E=IP(c,B--C), F=extension(A,B,D,E), M=extension(B,D,C,F), G=extension(D,M,F,F+C-D); draw(A--B--C--A^^E--F--C^^A--F^^B--M^^E--M); draw(c); draw(F--G--C^^M--G,gray+0.4); dot("$A$",A,dir(F-E)); dot("$B$",B,2*dir(B-A)); dot("$C$",C,1.5*dir(C-A)); dot("$D$",D,2.5*dir(250)); dot("$E$",E,2.5*dir(C-A)); dot("$F$",F,dir(F-E)); dot("$M$",M,2.5*dir(255)); dot("$G$",G,dir(G-M)); [/asy] Then $MF = MC$ if and only if quadrilateral $CDFG$ is a parallelogram, or, $FD\parallel CG$. Hence $MC = MF$ if and only if $\angle GCD = \angle FDA$, that is, $\angle FDA + \angle CGF = 180^\circ$.

Because quadrilateral $ABED$ is cyclic, $\angle FDA = \angle ABE$. It follows that $MC = MF$ if and only if \[180^\circ = \angle FDA + \angle CGF = \angle ABE + \angle CGF,\] that is, quadrilateral $CBFG$ is cyclic, which is equivalent to \[\angle CBM = \angle CBG = \angle CFG = \angle DCF = \angle DCM.\] Because $\angle DMC = \angle CMB$, $\angle CBM = \angle DCM$ if and only if triangles $BCM$ and $CDM$ are similar, that is \[\frac{CM}{BM} = \frac{DM}{CM},\] or $MB\cdot MD = MC^2$.

Solution 2

We first assume that $MB\cdot MD = MC^2$. Because $\frac{MC}{MD} = \frac{MB}{MC}$ and $\angle CMD = \angle BMC$, triangles $CMD$ and $BMC$ are similar. Consequently, $\angle MCD = \angle MBC$. This exact condition can also be visualized through power of M with respect to the circumcircle of triangle $BDC$ and getting the angle condition from the alternate segment theorem. [asy] defaultpen(fontsize(10)+0.6); size(250); var theta=22, r=0.58; pair B=origin, A=dir(theta), C=A+(rotate(78)*0.8*A), O=IP(CR(B,r),CR(A,r)); path c=CR(O,r); pair D=IP(c,A--C), E=IP(c,B--C), F=extension(A,B,D,E), M=extension(B,D,C,F), G=extension(D,M,F,F+C-D); draw(A--B--C--A^^E--F--C^^A--F^^B--M^^E--M); draw(c); draw(A--E,gray+0.4); dot("$A$",A,dir(F-E)); dot("$B$",B,2*dir(B-A)); dot("$C$",C,1.5*dir(C-A)); dot("$D$",D,2.5*dir(250)); dot("$E$",E,2.5*dir(C-A)); dot("$F$",F,dir(F-E)); dot("$M$",M,2.5*dir(255)); [/asy] Because quadrilateral $ABED$ is cyclic, $\angle DAE = \angle DBE$. Hence \[\angle FCA = \angle MCD = \angle MBC = \angle DBE = \angle DAE = \angle CAE,\] implying that $AE\parallel CF$, so $\angle AEF = \angle CFE$. Because quadrilateral $ABED$ is cyclic, $\angle ABD = \angle AED$. Hence \[\angle FBM = \angle ABD = \angle AED = \angle AEF = \angle CFE = \angle MFD.\] Because $\angle FBM = \angle DFM$ and $\angle FMB = \angle DMF$, triangles $BFM$ and $FDM$ are similar. Consequently, $\frac{FM}{DM} = \frac{BM}{FM}$, or $FM^2 = BM\cdot DM = CM^2$. Therefore $MC^2 = MB\cdot MD$ implies $MC = MF$.

Now we assume that $MC = MF$. Applying Ceva's Theorem to triangle $BCF$ and cevians $BM, CA, FE$ gives \[\frac{BA}{AF}\cdot\frac{FM}{MC}\cdot\frac{CE}{EB} = 1,\] implying that $\frac{BA}{AF} = \frac{BE}{EC}$, so $AE\parallel CF$.

Consequently, $\angle DCM = \angle DAE$. Because quadrilateral $ABED$ is cyclic, $\angle DAE = \angle DBE$. Hence \[\angle DCM = \angle DAE = \angle DBE = \angle CBM.\] Because $\angle CBM = \angle DCM$ and $\angle CMB = \angle DMC$, triangles $BCM$ and $CDM$ are similar. Consequently, $\frac{CM}{DM} = \frac{BM}{CM}$, or $CM^2 = BM\cdot DM$.

Combining the above, we conclude that $MF = MC$ if and only if $MB\cdot MD = MC^2$.


Alternate solutions are always welcome. If you have a different, elegant solution to this problem, please add it to this page.

See also

2003 USAMO (Problems • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 3 		Followed by
Problem 5
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6
All USAMO Problems and Solutions

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