# 2008 AIME II Problems/Problem 14

## Problem

Let $a$ and $b$ be positive real numbers with $a\ge b$. Let $\rho$ be the maximum possible value of $\frac {a}{b}$ for which the system of equations $$a^2 + y^2 = b^2 + x^2 = (a - x)^2 + (b - y)^2$$ has a solution in $(x,y)$ satisfying $0\le x < a$ and $0\le y < b$. Then $\rho^2$ can be expressed as a fraction $\frac {m}{n}$, where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m + n$.

## Solution

### Solution 1

Notice that the given equation implies

$a^2 + y^2 = b^2 + x^2 = 2(ax + by)$

We have $2by \ge y^2$, so $2ax \le a^2 \implies x \le \frac {a}{2}$.

Then, notice $b^2 + x^2 = a^2 + y^2 \ge a^2$, so $b^2 \ge \frac {3}{4}a^2 \implies \rho^2 \le \frac {4}{3}$.

The solution $(a, b, x, y) = \left(1, \frac {\sqrt {3}}{2}, \frac {1}{2}, 0\right)$ satisfies the equation, so $\rho^2 = \frac {4}{3}$, and the answer is $3 + 4 = \boxed{007}$.

### Solution 2

Consider the points $(a,y)$ and $(x,b)$. They form an equilateral triangle with the origin. We let the side length be $1$, so $a = \cos{\theta}$ and $b = \sin{\left(\theta + \frac {\pi}{3}\right)}$.

Thus $f(\theta) = \frac {a}{b} = \frac {\cos{\theta}}{\sin{\left(\theta + \frac {\pi}{3}\right)}}$ and we need to maximize this for $0 \le \theta \le \frac {\pi}{6}$.

Taking the derivative shows that $-f'(\theta) = \frac {\cos{\frac {\pi}{3}}}{\sin^2{\left(\theta + \frac {\pi}{3}\right)}} \ge 0$, so the maximum is at the endpoint $\theta = 0$. We then get

$\rho = \frac {\cos{0}}{\sin{\frac {\pi}{3}}} = \frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}$

Then, $\rho^2 = \frac {4}{3}$, and the answer is $3+4=\boxed{007}$.

(For a non-calculus way to maximize the function above:

Let us work with degrees. Let $f(x)=\frac{\cos x}{\sin(x+60)}$. We need to maximize $f$ on $[0,30]$.

Suppose $k$ is an upper bound of $f$ on this range; in other words, assume $f(x)\le k$ for all $x$ in this range. Then:

$\cos x\le k\sin(x+60)=k\cdot\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\kcos x+\frac{1}{2}\sin x\right)$ (Error compiling LaTeX. ! Undefined control sequence.)

$$\rightarrow 0\le \left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}-1\right)\cos x+\frac{k}{2}\sin x\rightarrow 0\le (\sqrt{3}k-2)\cos x+k\sin x$$ $$\rightarrow (2-\sqrt{3}k)\cos x\le k\sin x\rightarrow \frac{2-\sqrt{3}k}{k}\le \tan x,$$ for all $x$ in $[0,30]$. In particular, for $x=0$, $\frac{2-\sqrt{3}k}{k}$ must be less than or equal to $0$, so $k\ge \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}$.

The least possible upper bound of $f$ on this interval is $k=\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}$. This inequality must hold by the above logic, and in fact, the inequality reaches equality when $x=0$. Thus, $f(x)$ attains a maximum of $\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}$ on the interval.)

### Solution 3

Consider a cyclic quadrilateral $ABCD$ with $\angle B = \angle D = 90$, and $AB = y, BC = a, CD = b, AD = x$. Then $$AC^2 = a^2 + y^2 = b^2 + x^2$$ From Ptolemy's Theorem, $ax + by = AC(BD)$, so $$AC^2 = (a - x)^2 + (b - y)^2 = a^2 + y^2 + b^2 + x^2 - 2(ax + by) = 2AC^2 - 2AC*BD$$ Simplifying, we have $BD = AC/2$.

Note the circumcircle of $ABCD$ has radius $r = AC/2$, so $BD = r$ and has an arc of $60$ degrees, so $\angle C = 30$. Let $\angle BDC = \theta$.

$\frac ab = \frac{BC}{CD} = \frac{\sin \theta}{\sin(150 - \theta)}$, where both $\theta$ and $150 - \theta$ are $\leq 90$ since triangle $BCD$ must be acute. Since $\sin$ is an increasing function over $(0, 90)$, $\frac{\sin \theta}{\sin(150 - \theta)}$ is also increasing function over $(60, 90)$.

$\frac ab$ maximizes at $\theta = 90 \Longrightarrow \frac ab$ maximizes at $\frac 2{\sqrt {3}}$. This squared is $(\frac 2{\sqrt {3}})^2 = \frac4{3}$, and $4 + 3 = \boxed{007}$.