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Difference between revisions of "2017 USAMO Problems"

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==Day 1==
  
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Note: For any geometry problem whose statement begins with an asterisk (<math>*</math>), the first page of the solution must be a large, in-scale, clearly labeled diagram. Failure to meet this requirement will result in an automatic 1-point deduction.
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===Problem 1===
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Prove that there are infinitely many distinct pairs <math>(a,b)</math> of relatively prime positive integers <math>a > 1</math> and <math>b > 1</math> such that <math>a^b + b^a</math> is divisible by <math>a + b.</math>
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[[2017 USAMO Problems/Problem 1|Solution]]
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===Problem 2===
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Let <math>m_1, m_2, \ldots, m_n</math> be a collection of <math>n</math> positive integers, not necessarily distinct. For any sequence of integers <math>A = (a_1, \ldots, a_n)</math> and any permutation <math>w = w_1, \ldots, w_n</math> of <math>m_1, \ldots, m_n</math>, define an <math>A</math>-inversion of <math>w</math> to be a pair of entries <math>w_i, w_j</math> with <math>i < j</math> for which one of the following conditions holds:
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<math>a_i \ge w_i > w_j</math>
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<math>w_j > a_i \ge w_i</math>, or
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<math>w_i > w_j > a_i</math>.
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Show that, for any two sequences of integers <math>A = (a_1, \ldots, a_n)</math> and <math>B = (b_1, \ldots, b_n)</math>, and for any positive integer <math>k</math>, the number of permutations of <math>m_1, \ldots, m_n</math> having exactly <math>k</math> <math>A</math>-inversions is equal to the number of permutations of <math>m_1, \ldots, m_n</math> having exactly <math>k</math> <math>B</math>-inversions.
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[[2017 USAMO Problems/Problem 2|Solution]]
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===Problem 3===
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(<math>*</math>) Let <math>ABC</math> be a scalene triangle with circumcircle <math>\Omega</math> and incenter <math>I</math>. Ray <math>AI</math> meets <math>\overline{BC}</math> at <math>D</math> and meets <math>\Omega</math> again at <math>M</math>; the circle with diameter <math>\overline{DM}</math> cuts <math>\Omega</math> again at <math>K</math>. Lines <math>MK</math> and <math>BC</math> meet at <math>S</math>, and <math>N</math> is the midpoint of <math>\overline{IS}</math>. The circumcircles of  <math>\triangle KID</math> and <math>\triangle MAN</math> intersect at points <math>L_1</math> and <math>L_2</math>. Prove that <math>\Omega</math> passes through the midpoint of either <math>\overline{IL_1}</math> or <math>\overline{IL_2}</math>.
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[[2017 USAMO Problems/Problem 3|Solution]]
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==Day 2==
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Note: For any geometry problem whose statement begins with an asterisk (<math>*</math>), the first page of the solution must be a large, in-scale, clearly labeled diagram. Failure to meet this requirement will result in an automatic 1-point deduction.
 +
 +
===Problem 4===
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Let <math>P_1</math>, <math>P_2</math>, <math>\dots</math>, <math>P_{2n}</math> be <math>2n</math> distinct points on the unit circle <math>x^2+y^2=1</math>, other than <math>(1,0)</math>. Each point is colored either red or blue, with exactly <math>n</math> red points and <math>n</math> blue points. Let <math>R_1</math>, <math>R_2</math>, <math>\dots</math>, <math>R_n</math> be any ordering of the red points. Let <math>B_1</math> be the nearest blue point to <math>R_1</math> traveling counterclockwise around the circle starting from <math>R_1</math>. Then let <math>B_2</math> be the nearest of the remaining blue points to <math>R_2</math> travelling counterclockwise around the circle from <math>R_2</math>, and so on, until we have labeled all of the blue points <math>B_1, \dots, B_n</math>. Show that the number of counterclockwise arcs of the form <math>R_i \to B_i</math> that contain the point <math>(1,0)</math> is independent of the way we chose the ordering <math>R_1, \dots, R_n</math> of the red points.
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[[2017 USAMO Problems/Problem 4|Solution]]
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===Problem 5===
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Let <math>\mathbf{Z}</math> denote the set of all integers. Find all real numbers <math>c > 0</math> such that there exists a labeling of the lattice points <math> ( x, y ) \in \mathbf{Z}^2</math> with positive integers for which:
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only finitely many distinct labels occur, and
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for each label <math>i</math>, the distance between any two points labeled <math>i</math> is at least <math>c^i</math>.
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[[2017 USAMO Problems/Problem 5|Solution]]
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===Problem 6===
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Find the minimum possible value of <cmath>\frac{a}{b^3+4}+\frac{b}{c^3+4}+\frac{c}{d^3+4}+\frac{d}{a^3+4}</cmath>given that <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, <math>c</math>, <math>d</math> are nonnegative real numbers such that <math>a+b+c+d=4</math>.
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[[2017 USAMO Problems/Problem 6|Solution]]
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{{MAA Notice}}
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{{USAMO newbox|year= 2017 |before=[[2016 USAMO]]|after=[[2018 USAMO]]}}

Revision as of 21:40, 21 April 2017

Day 1

Note: For any geometry problem whose statement begins with an asterisk ($*$), the first page of the solution must be a large, in-scale, clearly labeled diagram. Failure to meet this requirement will result in an automatic 1-point deduction.

Problem 1

Prove that there are infinitely many distinct pairs $(a,b)$ of relatively prime positive integers $a > 1$ and $b > 1$ such that $a^b + b^a$ is divisible by $a + b.$

Solution

Problem 2

Let $m_1, m_2, \ldots, m_n$ be a collection of $n$ positive integers, not necessarily distinct. For any sequence of integers $A = (a_1, \ldots, a_n)$ and any permutation $w = w_1, \ldots, w_n$ of $m_1, \ldots, m_n$, define an $A$-inversion of $w$ to be a pair of entries $w_i, w_j$ with $i < j$ for which one of the following conditions holds: $a_i \ge w_i > w_j$ $w_j > a_i \ge w_i$, or $w_i > w_j > a_i$. Show that, for any two sequences of integers $A = (a_1, \ldots, a_n)$ and $B = (b_1, \ldots, b_n)$, and for any positive integer $k$, the number of permutations of $m_1, \ldots, m_n$ having exactly $k$ $A$-inversions is equal to the number of permutations of $m_1, \ldots, m_n$ having exactly $k$ $B$-inversions.

Solution

Problem 3

($*$) Let $ABC$ be a scalene triangle with circumcircle $\Omega$ and incenter $I$. Ray $AI$ meets $\overline{BC}$ at $D$ and meets $\Omega$ again at $M$; the circle with diameter $\overline{DM}$ cuts $\Omega$ again at $K$. Lines $MK$ and $BC$ meet at $S$, and $N$ is the midpoint of $\overline{IS}$. The circumcircles of $\triangle KID$ and $\triangle MAN$ intersect at points $L_1$ and $L_2$. Prove that $\Omega$ passes through the midpoint of either $\overline{IL_1}$ or $\overline{IL_2}$.

Solution

Day 2

Note: For any geometry problem whose statement begins with an asterisk ($*$), the first page of the solution must be a large, in-scale, clearly labeled diagram. Failure to meet this requirement will result in an automatic 1-point deduction.

Problem 4

Let $P_1$, $P_2$, $\dots$, $P_{2n}$ be $2n$ distinct points on the unit circle $x^2+y^2=1$, other than $(1,0)$. Each point is colored either red or blue, with exactly $n$ red points and $n$ blue points. Let $R_1$, $R_2$, $\dots$, $R_n$ be any ordering of the red points. Let $B_1$ be the nearest blue point to $R_1$ traveling counterclockwise around the circle starting from $R_1$. Then let $B_2$ be the nearest of the remaining blue points to $R_2$ travelling counterclockwise around the circle from $R_2$, and so on, until we have labeled all of the blue points $B_1, \dots, B_n$. Show that the number of counterclockwise arcs of the form $R_i \to B_i$ that contain the point $(1,0)$ is independent of the way we chose the ordering $R_1, \dots, R_n$ of the red points.

Solution

Problem 5

Let $\mathbf{Z}$ denote the set of all integers. Find all real numbers $c > 0$ such that there exists a labeling of the lattice points $( x, y ) \in \mathbf{Z}^2$ with positive integers for which: only finitely many distinct labels occur, and for each label $i$, the distance between any two points labeled $i$ is at least $c^i$.

Solution

Problem 6

Find the minimum possible value of \[\frac{a}{b^3+4}+\frac{b}{c^3+4}+\frac{c}{d^3+4}+\frac{d}{a^3+4}\]given that $a$, $b$, $c$, $d$ are nonnegative real numbers such that $a+b+c+d=4$.

Solution

The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions. AMC logo.png

2017 USAMO (Problems • Resources)
Preceded by
2016 USAMO 		Followed by
2018 USAMO
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6
All USAMO Problems and Solutions
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