Difference between revisions of "British Flag Theorem"
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− | The '''British flag theorem''' says that if a point P is chosen inside [[rectangle]] ABCD then <math>AP^{2}+ | + | The '''British flag theorem''' says that if a point P is chosen inside [[rectangle]] ABCD then <math>AP^{2}+CP^{2}=BP^{2}+DP^{2}</math>. The theorem is called the British flag theorem due to the similarities between the British flag and a diagram of the points (shown below): |
[[File:UK.jpg|left|frame|British Flag]] | [[File:UK.jpg|left|frame|British Flag]] | ||
<asy> | <asy> | ||
− | size( | + | size(300); |
pair A,B,C,D,P; | pair A,B,C,D,P; | ||
A=(0,0); | A=(0,0); | ||
Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
draw(C--P); | draw(C--P); | ||
draw(D--P); | draw(D--P); | ||
− | label("A",A,(-1,0)); | + | label("$A$",A,(-1,0)); |
dot(A); | dot(A); | ||
− | label("B",B,(0,-1)); | + | label("$B$",B,(0,-1)); |
dot(B); | dot(B); | ||
− | label("C",C,(1,0)); | + | label("$C$",C,(1,0)); |
dot(C); | dot(C); | ||
− | label("D",D,(0 | + | label("$D$",D,(-1,0)); |
dot(D); | dot(D); | ||
dot(P); | dot(P); | ||
− | label("P",P, | + | label("$P$",P,NNE); |
draw((0,85)--(200,85)); | draw((0,85)--(200,85)); | ||
draw((124,0)--(124,150)); | draw((124,0)--(124,150)); | ||
Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
== Proof == | == Proof == | ||
− | + | Squares of lengths suggest right triangles. We build right triangles by drawing a line through <math>P</math> perpendicular to two sides of the rectangle, as shown below. Both <math>AXYD</math> and <math>BXYC</math> are rectangles. | |
− | + | <asy> | |
− | + | pair A,B,C,D,P,X,Y; | |
− | + | A = (0,0); | |
− | + | B=(1,0); | |
− | + | D = (0,0.7); | |
− | + | C = B+D; | |
− | + | P = (0.3,0.4); | |
− | + | X = (0.3,0); | |
− | + | Y=(0.3,0.7); | |
− | + | draw(A--B--C--D--A--P--C); | |
+ | draw(X--Y); | ||
+ | draw(B--P--D); | ||
+ | draw(rightanglemark(P,X,A,1.5)); | ||
+ | draw(rightanglemark(B,X,P,1.5)); | ||
+ | draw(rightanglemark(P,Y,C,1.5)); | ||
+ | draw(rightanglemark(D,Y,P,1.5)); | ||
+ | label("$A$",A,SW); | ||
+ | label("$B$",B,SE); | ||
+ | label("$C$",C,NE); | ||
+ | label("$D$",D,NW); | ||
+ | label("$Y$",Y,N); | ||
+ | label("$X$",X,S); | ||
+ | label("$P$",P+(0,0.03),NE);</asy> | ||
+ | Applying the Pythagorean Theorem to each of the four right triangles in the diagram, we have | ||
+ | <cmath> \begin{align*}PA^2 &= AX^2+XP^2,\\ PB^2 &= BX^2+XP^2,\\ PC^2 &= CY^2+YP^2,\\ PD^2 &= DY^2+YP^2.\end{align*} </cmath> | ||
+ | So, we have | ||
+ | <cmath> \begin{align*}PA^2+PC^2 &= AX^2+XP^2+CY^2+YP^2,\\ PB^2+PD^2 &= BX^2+XP^2+DY^2+YP^2.\end{align*} </cmath> | ||
+ | From rectangles <math>AXYD</math> and <math>BXYC</math>, we have <math>AX = DY</math> and <math>BX = CY</math>, so the expressions above for <math>PA^2 + PC^2</math> and <math>PB^2 + PD^2</math> are equal, as desired. | ||
+ | ==Problems== | ||
+ | [http://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c3h579390 2014 MATHCOUNTS Chapter Sprint #29] | ||
[[Category:geometry]] | [[Category:geometry]] | ||
[[Category:Theorems]] | [[Category:Theorems]] | ||
− | |||
− |
Revision as of 22:33, 16 February 2020
The British flag theorem says that if a point P is chosen inside rectangle ABCD then . The theorem is called the British flag theorem due to the similarities between the British flag and a diagram of the points (shown below):
The theorem also applies if the point is selected outside or on the boundary of the rectangle, although the proof is harder to visualize in this case.
Proof
Squares of lengths suggest right triangles. We build right triangles by drawing a line through perpendicular to two sides of the rectangle, as shown below. Both and are rectangles. Applying the Pythagorean Theorem to each of the four right triangles in the diagram, we have So, we have From rectangles and , we have and , so the expressions above for and are equal, as desired.