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Difference between revisions of "Mock AIME I 2015 Problems/Problem 5"

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Cross multiplying, we get <math>(b+w)(b+w-1)=4bw</math>. We can expand the left side of the equation to <math>b^2+bw-b+bw+w^2-w=b^2+2bw+w^2-b-w
 
Cross multiplying, we get <math>(b+w)(b+w-1)=4bw</math>. We can expand the left side of the equation to <math>b^2+bw-b+bw+w^2-w=b^2+2bw+w^2-b-w
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</math>. We can then subtract <math>4bw</math> from both sides of the equation to get <math>b^2-2bw+2^w-b-w=0</math>, and rearranging, we get <math>(b-w)^2=b+w</math>.
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</math>. We can then subtract <math>4bw</math> from both sides of the equation to get <math>b^2-2bw+w^2-b-w=0</math>, and rearranging, we get <math>(b-w)^2=b+w</math>.
  
  
 
Note that we want to find the the smallest possible values for the total amount of marbles, or <math>b+w</math>. From the equation, we learn that <math>b+w</math> must be a perfect square, since <math>b-w</math> is an integer. Note that since <math>b</math> is at least <math>2</math>, we can state that <math>b+w > 2</math>, and since <math>b+w</math> must be a perfect square, <math>b+w>4</math>.  
 
Note that we want to find the the smallest possible values for the total amount of marbles, or <math>b+w</math>. From the equation, we learn that <math>b+w</math> must be a perfect square, since <math>b-w</math> is an integer. Note that since <math>b</math> is at least <math>2</math>, we can state that <math>b+w > 2</math>, and since <math>b+w</math> must be a perfect square, <math>b+w>4</math>.  
  
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We then want to see which values for <math>b+w</math> yield integer solutions for <math>b</math> and <math>w</math>. To do so, we can set <math>b-w</math> equal to an even integer, <math>2n</math>. This gives the equation <math>(b-w)^2=b+w=4n^2</math>. We get <math>b-w=2n</math>, and <math>b+w=4n^2</math>. Solving, we get <math>b=n+2n^2</math> and <math>w=n-2n^2</math>. Therefore, <math>b+w</math> can be all even squares.  
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We then want to see which values for <math>b+w</math> yield integer solutions for <math>b</math> and <math>w</math>. To do so, we can set <math>b-w</math> equal to an even integer, <math>2n</math>. This gives the equation <math>(b-w)^2=b+w=4n^2</math>. We get <math>b-w=2n</math>, and <math>b+w=4n^2</math>. Solving, we get <math>b=2n^2+n</math> and <math>w=2n^2-n</math>. Therefore, <math>b+w</math> can be all even squares.  
  
 
The next case we have is when <math>b-w</math> is an odd integer, <math>2n+1</math>. This gives the equation <math>(b-w)^2=b+w=4n^2+4n+1</math>. We get <math>b-w=2n+1</math>, and <math>b+w=4n^2+4n+1</math>. Solving, we get <math>b=2n^2+3n+1</math> and <math>w=2n^2+n</math>. Therefore, both even and odd squares work as solutions for <math>b+w</math>.
 
The next case we have is when <math>b-w</math> is an odd integer, <math>2n+1</math>. This gives the equation <math>(b-w)^2=b+w=4n^2+4n+1</math>. We get <math>b-w=2n+1</math>, and <math>b+w=4n^2+4n+1</math>. Solving, we get <math>b=2n^2+3n+1</math> and <math>w=2n^2+n</math>. Therefore, both even and odd squares work as solutions for <math>b+w</math>.
  
  
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We can then see that the first <math>100</math> solutions for <math>b+w</math> will be the first <math>100</math> perfect squares, starting from <math>2^2=4</math>. Therefore, <cmath>k_1+k_2+k_3+\cdots+k_{100}=2^2+3^2+4^2+\cdots+101^2</cmath>. Using the formula to find the sum of the squares from <math>1^2</math> to <math>101^2</math>, we get <math>\frac{(101)(102)(101 * 2 + 1)}{6}</math> Evaluating, we get <math>348551</math>. We subtract <math>1^2</math> to get the total sum as <math>348550</math>. Taking the remainder after dividng by 1000, we get <math>550</math> as our answer.  
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We can then see that the first <math>100</math> solutions for <math>b+w</math> will be the first <math>100</math> perfect squares, starting from <math>2^2=4</math>. Therefore, <cmath>k_1+k_2+k_3+\cdots+k_{100}=2^2+3^2+4^2+\cdots+101^2</cmath>. Using the formula to find the sum of the squares from <math>1^2</math> to <math>101^2</math>, we get <math>\frac{(101)(102)(101 * 2 + 1)}{6}</math>  
 +
Evaluating, we get <math>348551</math>. We subtract <math>1^2</math> to get the total sum as <math>348550</math>. Taking the remainder after dividng by 1000, we get <math>550</math> as our answer.  
  
  
 
-treetor10145
 
-treetor10145

Latest revision as of 15:21, 8 May 2018

Problem 5

In an urn there are a certain number (at least two) of black marbles and a certain number of white marbles. Steven blindfolds himself and chooses two marbles from the urn at random. Suppose the probability that the two marbles are of opposite color is $\tfrac12$. Let $k_1<k_2<\cdots<k_{100}$ be the $100$ smallest possible values for the total number of marbles in the urn. Compute the remainder when \[k_1+k_2+k_3+\cdots+k_{100}\] is divided by $1000$

Solution

Let the number of black marbles be $b$ and the number of white marbles be $w$.

We have two cases for when the two marbles chosen from the bag and are different colors, Black-White and White-Black. The first case can be represented by $\frac{b}{b+w}*\frac{w}{b+w-1}$, and the second case by $\frac{w}{b+w}*\frac{b}{b+w-1}$. Multiplying out, we get $\frac{bw}{(b+w)(b+w-1)}$ for both cases. Adding the cases, we get the equation $2*\frac{bw}{(b+w)(b+w-1)}=\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{bw}{(b+w)(b+w-1)}=\frac{1}{4}$.


Cross multiplying, we get $(b+w)(b+w-1)=4bw$. We can expand the left side of the equation to $b^2+bw-b+bw+w^2-w=b^2+2bw+w^2-b-w$. We can then subtract $4bw$ from both sides of the equation to get $b^2-2bw+w^2-b-w=0$, and rearranging, we get $(b-w)^2=b+w$.


Note that we want to find the the smallest possible values for the total amount of marbles, or $b+w$. From the equation, we learn that $b+w$ must be a perfect square, since $b-w$ is an integer. Note that since $b$ is at least $2$, we can state that $b+w > 2$, and since $b+w$ must be a perfect square, $b+w>4$.

We then want to see which values for $b+w$ yield integer solutions for $b$ and $w$. To do so, we can set $b-w$ equal to an even integer, $2n$. This gives the equation $(b-w)^2=b+w=4n^2$. We get $b-w=2n$, and $b+w=4n^2$. Solving, we get $b=2n^2+n$ and $w=2n^2-n$. Therefore, $b+w$ can be all even squares.

The next case we have is when $b-w$ is an odd integer, $2n+1$. This gives the equation $(b-w)^2=b+w=4n^2+4n+1$. We get $b-w=2n+1$, and $b+w=4n^2+4n+1$. Solving, we get $b=2n^2+3n+1$ and $w=2n^2+n$. Therefore, both even and odd squares work as solutions for $b+w$.


We can then see that the first $100$ solutions for $b+w$ will be the first $100$ perfect squares, starting from $2^2=4$. Therefore, \[k_1+k_2+k_3+\cdots+k_{100}=2^2+3^2+4^2+\cdots+101^2\]. Using the formula to find the sum of the squares from $1^2$ to $101^2$, we get $\frac{(101)(102)(101 * 2 + 1)}{6}$ Evaluating, we get $348551$. We subtract $1^2$ to get the total sum as $348550$. Taking the remainder after dividng by 1000, we get $550$ as our answer.


-treetor10145

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